# This cell is present in all the notebooks.
# It makes the necessary packages available and adjusts various settings.
# You should execute this cell at the start.

import sys
sys.path.append('../code')
from init_mooc_nb import *
init_notebook()

from IPython.display import HTML

Populated the namespace with:
np, matplotlib, kwant, holoviews, init_notebook, SimpleNamespace, pprint_matrix, scientific_number, pretty_fmt_complex, plt, pf, display_html
from code/edx_components:
MoocVideo, MoocDiscussion, MoocCheckboxesAssessment, MoocMultipleChoiceAssessment, MoocSelfAssessment
from code/functions:
spectrum, hamiltonian_array, h_k, pauli
Using kwant 1.3.2 and holoviews 1.7.0-x-gf3a9f4f
Executed on 2019-01-31 at 20:44:23.957697.

A welcome word¶

First of all, greetings from the TOPOCMx team! We are very happy that you chose to follow our course.

Through TOPOCMx we want to provide an introduction to the new topics on topology in condensed matter. We want it to be simple, and we want it to be useful for people with very different background and motivation.

We want the course to be useful to you if you are a master student, and you want to get an understanding of what topology is all about.

Or you could be a PhD student or a postdoc doing experiments, and you want to get a better theoretical understanding of what you should expect in your investigations.

You could even be a theorist working in topology and be extremely familiar with topological invariants and vector bundles, but you would like to get a better understanding of how the mathematical ideas apply in physical systems.

Finally, we also want this course to be equally useful if you are, say, a professor working in condensed matter and you want to apply the ideas introduced by topology in your domain, so that you just need a quick overview of what research activity is there.

But even despite your different backgrounds, we want our course to feel like this:

Discussion

rather than this:

Bored audience

What you get¶

Let us explain what you can expect from the course, and what is special about it. The first thing which you need to understand is that the course is hard. We don't mean advanced and involved math (we took care to skip all the parts that don't help understanding). Instead, since topology has impact on many different physical phenomena, the course will touch a lot of different concepts in condensed matter physics.

First of all, we will provide you with a description of the most important facts and discoveries in topology in the most simple and concise manner that we can find.

This will still be hard to some of you, since the required background in condensed matter physics is still broad. If you see that it is the case, you will need to search for advice in the course discussions, so you'll also use the course as an expert community.

If you are experienced already, you may find the lectures straightforward. However, even though active research on topological insulators began less than ten years ago, the field is already incredibly broad.

This is why we want our course to also fulfill a role of a journal club: every week we'll ask you to read one of several suggested papers, observe how the concepts that you learn appear in a new context, and summarize it for the other participants. That way you will learn to analyze research papers and get an overview of the field.

Most of the numerical simulations that are used in our research are actually amazingly easy if you know how to do them. While teaching how to do computer simulations is not our main aim, we provide already set up simulations for the systems we describe in the lectures.

Using these computer simulations you can see for yourself how various models behave, discover new parameter regimes that we don't cover in the lectures, or even extend the simulations and see how adding new terms to the models changes the results.

How you can help us¶

MOOCs like this one are not a usual way for providing graduate-level materials, and even less so materials that are a topic of active research.

We believe that it is a very useful and promising way of knowledge dissemination, that has advantages over a book, a university course, or a review.

This is why it is extremely important for us to know what is your background and your motivation to take the course. We want you to share what you found difficult, what you found easy, and where you think the course can be improved.

Moreover, we publish the source code for every single bit of this course in this Github repository. So whenever you see a typo, or you would like to suggest an improvement, you can open a new issue, (or even make a pull request if you know how to use Github).

Software you will need¶

If you don't want to be bothered trying out the numerical simulations, you are all set if you have an EdX account and you are signed up for the course.

However we strongly recommend to not skip the numerical simulations part. Following it will help you to develop intuition about how the topological systems behave. The numerical simulations can also serve as an extremely useful tool helping both in experiments and theory.

To get going with the simulations, you will need to get the computational software. Specifically you need:

Python 3.5 or 3.6
Python scientific stack (SciPy, NumPy, Matplotlib, Jupyter notebook)
Holoviews 1.7, a Python library for plotting data.
Kwant 1.3, a package for quantum transport simulations.

The installation should be straightforward. Installation of most of the requirements is described here.

If you are using Windows, you are all set after following the above instructions.

The easiest way to install kwant when you are using Linux or OS X is with conda which comes with Miniconda, a Python distribution.

Open a terminal and download Miniconda (or Anaconda) by running:

   wget https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-x86_64.sh

Install Miniconda with:

   bash Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-x86_64.sh

and follow its instructions. Make sure that conda is in your PATH, which you can do by adding export PATH="$HOME/miniconda3/bin:$PATH" to your .bashrc or .bash_profile.

Add the conda-forge channel and install Kwant and its dependencies with:

   conda config --add channels conda-forge
   conda install kwant holoviews notebook feedparser

Jupyter notebooks¶

A separate mention of the software we use goes to Jupyter notebooks.

Every document that you see in our course (including the one that you are reading right now) was prepared as a Jupyter notebook.

These notebooks are extremely handy, they allow:

To use an interactive computing environment where you can see what your simulation does right as you are creating it.
To combine nicely formatted text (with Latex equations and images) together with code in any language and the output of that code.
To easily share that same code: here, take a look at the source of the notebook that you are currently reading.
To convert it to a presentation, blog post, or an EdX course.

The combination of the above nice properties with many more and with Jupyter being free software lead to the notebooks being highlighted in Nature.

For a short presentation of Jupyter notebooks just use Help -> User Interface Tour inside the notebook.

Showing the results of your work is very easy.

If you are using Sage Cloud, you can just click the "share the notebook" button when you have it opened, and copy the URL.

Otherwise you can make the notebook visible online (for example by putting it in your Dropbox public folder or something similar), copy link, and paste it into http://nbviewer.ipython.org.

Kwant, Python, and Python scientific software¶

For most of the simulations of condensed matter systems we are going to use the Kwant package. You can learn Kwant in more detail by following the tutorial, however we aim that for most of the exercises you will be able to learn by doing. The starting point of the exercises are the notebooks used in the lectures, and you should be able to solve them by only modifying the contents not too much.

The same applies to Python and the Python scientific stack (NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib): these are easy to use, especially when you have code examples. If you are new to programming and wish to get acquainted with Python, here are several example courses that start from the basics and slowly go into advanced topics. There are of course several MOOCs as well, but you will likely not need as much programming skill.

Do you have questions about installation? Use this discussion:

MoocDiscussion('Software', 'Help with installation')

Literature¶

We are mostly going to focus on the overall structure of the field and study the most basic and general phenomena. We will also skip detailed derivations or some details.

For a more formal and complete source of information on topological insulators and superconductors we recommend you to look into the reviews below. (Of course we think they will be much easier to follor after you finish the course).

Topological insulator reviews¶

The Quantum Spin Hall Effect: Theory and Experiment (arXiv:0801.0901) Markus Koenig, Hartmut Buhmann, Laurens W. Molenkamp, Taylor L. Hughes, Chao-Xing Liu, Xiao-Liang Qi, Shou-Cheng Zhang
Topological Insulators (arXiv:1002.3895) M. Z. Hasan, C. L. Kane
Topological insulators and superconductors (arXiv:1008.2026) Xiao-Liang Qi, Shou-Cheng Zhang

Majorana fermion reviews¶

Search for Majorana fermions in superconductors (arXiv:1112.1950) C. W. J. Beenakker
New directions in the pursuit of Majorana fermions in solid state systems (arXiv:1202.1293) Jason Alicea
Introduction to topological superconductivity and Majorana fermions (arXiv:1206.1736) Martin Leijnse, Karsten Flensberg
Random-matrix theory of Majorana fermions and topological superconductors (arXiv:1407.2131) C. W. J. Beenakker

Advanced topics: Fractional particles and topological quantum computation¶

Non-Abelian Anyons and Topological Quantum Computation (arXiv:0707.1889) Chetan Nayak, Steven H. Simon, Ady Stern, Michael Freedman, Sankar Das Sarma
Anyons and the quantum Hall effect - a pedagogical review (arXiv:0711.4697) Ady Stern
Majorana Qubits (arXiv:1404.0897) Fabian Hassler

Extra topics¶

Floquet topological insulators (arXiv:1211.5623) Jérôme Cayssol, Balázs Dóra, Ferenc Simon, Roderich Moessner
Topological Crystalline Insulators and Topological Superconductors: From Concepts to Materials (arXiv:1501.00531) Yoichi Ando, Liang Fu