In [ ]:
%matplotlib inline

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


# scikit-image: a tour¶

There are many tools and utilities in the package, far too many to cover in a tutorial. This notebook is designed as a road map, to guide you as you explore or search for additional tools for your applications. This is intended as a guide, not an exhaustive list.

Each submodule of scikit-image has its own section, which you can navigate to below in the table of contents.

## skimage.color - color conversion¶

The color submmodule includes routines to convert to and from common color representations. For example, RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) can be converted into many other representations.

In [ ]:
import skimage.color as color

In [ ]:
# Tab complete to see available functions in the color submodule
color.rgb2
color.


### Example: conversion to grayscale¶

In [ ]:
from skimage import data
from skimage import color

original = data.astronaut()
grayscale = color.rgb2gray(original)

# Plot the results
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(8, 4))
ax = axes.ravel()

ax[0].imshow(original)
ax[0].set_title("Original")
ax[0].axis('off')
ax[1].imshow(grayscale, cmap='gray')
ax[1].set_title("Grayscale")
ax[1].axis('off')

fig.tight_layout()
plt.show();


### Example: conversion to HSV¶

Usually, objects in images have distinct colors (hues) and luminosities, so that these features can be used to separate different areas of the image. In the RGB representation the hue and the luminosity are expressed as a linear combination of the R,G,B channels, whereas they correspond to single channels of the HSV image (the Hue and the Value channels). A simple segmentation of the image can then be effectively performed by a mere thresholding of the HSV channels. See below link for additional details.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV

We first load the RGB image and extract the Hue and Value channels:

In [ ]:
from skimage import data
from skimage.color import rgb2hsv

rgb_img = data.coffee()
hsv_img = rgb2hsv(rgb_img)
hue_img = hsv_img[:, :, 0]
value_img = hsv_img[:, :, 2]

fig, (ax0, ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=3, figsize=(8, 2))

ax0.imshow(rgb_img)
ax0.set_title("RGB image")
ax0.axis('off')
ax1.imshow(hue_img, cmap='hsv')
ax1.set_title("Hue channel")
ax1.axis('off')
ax2.imshow(value_img)
ax2.set_title("Value channel")
ax2.axis('off')

fig.tight_layout();


The cup and saucer have a Hue distinct from the remainder of the image, which can be isolated by thresholding

In [ ]:
hue_threshold = 0.04
binary_img = hue_img > hue_threshold

fig, (ax0, ax1) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(8, 3))

ax0.hist(hue_img.ravel(), 512)
ax0.set_title("Histogram of the Hue channel with threshold")
ax0.axvline(x=hue_threshold, color='r', linestyle='dashed', linewidth=2)
ax0.set_xbound(0, 0.12)
ax1.imshow(binary_img)
ax1.set_title("Hue-thresholded image")
ax1.axis('off')

fig.tight_layout();


An additional threshold in the value channel can remote most of the shadow

In [ ]:
fig, ax0 = plt.subplots(figsize=(4, 3))

value_threshold = 0.10
binary_img = (hue_img > hue_threshold) | (value_img < value_threshold)

ax0.imshow(binary_img)
ax0.set_title("Hue and value thresholded image")
ax0.axis('off')

fig.tight_layout()
plt.show();


## skimage.data - test images¶

The data submodule includes standard test images useful for examples and testing the package. These images are shipped with the package.

There are scientific images, general test images, and a stereoscopic image.

In [ ]:
from skimage import data

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
example_image = data.camera()

In [ ]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
ax.imshow(example_image)
ax.axis('off');

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:



## skimage.draw - drawing primitives on an image¶

The majority of functions in this submodule return the coordinates of the specified shape/object in the image, rather than drawing it on the image directly. The coordinates can then be used as a mask to draw on the image, or you pass the image as well as those coordinates into the convenience function draw.set_color.

Lines and circles can be drawn with antialiasing (these functions end in the suffix *_aa).

At the current time text is not supported; other libraries including matplotlib have robust support for overlaying text.

In [ ]:
from skimage import draw

In [ ]:
# Tab complete to see available options
draw.

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:



## Example: drawing shapes¶

In [ ]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, nrows=1, figsize=(10, 6))

img = np.zeros((500, 500, 3), dtype=np.float64)

# draw line
rr, cc = draw.line(120, 123, 20, 400)
img[rr, cc, 0] = 255

# fill polygon
poly = np.array((
(300, 300),
(480, 320),
(380, 430),
(220, 590),
(300, 300),
))
rr, cc = draw.polygon(poly[:, 0], poly[:, 1], img.shape)
img[rr, cc, 1] = 1

# fill circle
rr, cc = draw.circle(200, 200, 100, img.shape)
img[rr, cc, :] = (1, 1, 0)

# fill ellipse
rr, cc = draw.ellipse(300, 300, 100, 200, img.shape)
img[rr, cc, 2] = 1

# circle
rr, cc = draw.circle_perimeter(120, 400, 15)
img[rr, cc, :] = (1, 0, 0)

# Bezier curve
rr, cc = draw.bezier_curve(70, 100, 10, 10, 150, 100, 1)
img[rr, cc, :] = (1, 0, 0)

# ellipses
rr, cc = draw.ellipse_perimeter(120, 400, 60, 20, orientation=np.pi / 4.)
img[rr, cc, :] = (1, 0, 1)
rr, cc = draw.ellipse_perimeter(120, 400, 60, 20, orientation=-np.pi / 4.)
img[rr, cc, :] = (0, 0, 1)
rr, cc = draw.ellipse_perimeter(120, 400, 60, 20, orientation=np.pi / 2.)
img[rr, cc, :] = (1, 1, 1)

ax1.imshow(img)
ax1.set_title('No anti-aliasing')
ax1.axis('off')

img = np.zeros((100, 100), dtype=np.double)

# anti-aliased line
rr, cc, val = draw.line_aa(12, 12, 20, 50)
img[rr, cc] = val

# anti-aliased circle
rr, cc, val = draw.circle_perimeter_aa(60, 40, 30)
img[rr, cc] = val

ax2.imshow(img, cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation='nearest')
ax2.set_title('Anti-aliasing')
ax2.axis('off');


## skimage.exposure - evaluating or changing the exposure of an image¶

One of the most common tools to evaluate exposure is the histogram, which plots the number of points which have a certain value against the values in order from lowest (dark) to highest (light). The function exposure.histogram differs from numpy.histogram in that there is no rebinnning; each value along the x-axis is preserved.

### Example: Histogram equalization¶

In [ ]:
from skimage import data, img_as_float
from skimage import exposure

def plot_img_and_hist(image, axes, bins=256):
"""Plot an image along with its histogram and cumulative histogram.

"""
image = img_as_float(image)
ax_img, ax_hist = axes
ax_cdf = ax_hist.twinx()

# Display image
ax_img.imshow(image, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax_img.set_axis_off()

# Display histogram
ax_hist.hist(image.ravel(), bins=bins, histtype='step', color='black')
ax_hist.ticklabel_format(axis='y', style='scientific', scilimits=(0, 0))
ax_hist.set_xlabel('Pixel intensity')
ax_hist.set_xlim(0, 1)
ax_hist.set_yticks([])

# Display cumulative distribution
img_cdf, bins = exposure.cumulative_distribution(image, bins)
ax_cdf.plot(bins, img_cdf, 'r')
ax_cdf.set_yticks([])

return ax_img, ax_hist, ax_cdf

img = data.moon()

# Contrast stretching
p2, p98 = np.percentile(img, (2, 98))
img_rescale = exposure.rescale_intensity(img, in_range=(p2, p98))

# Equalization
img_eq = exposure.equalize_hist(img)

# Display results
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
axes = np.zeros((2, 4), dtype=np.object)
axes[0, 0] = fig.add_subplot(2, 4, 1)
for i in range(1, 4):
axes[0, i] = fig.add_subplot(2, 4, 1+i,
sharex=axes[0,0], sharey=axes[0,0])
for i in range(0, 4):
axes[1, i] = fig.add_subplot(2, 4, 5+i)

ax_img, ax_hist, ax_cdf = plot_img_and_hist(img, axes[:, 0])
ax_img.set_title('Low contrast image')

y_min, y_max = ax_hist.get_ylim()
ax_hist.set_ylabel('Number of pixels')
ax_hist.set_yticks(np.linspace(0, y_max, 5))

ax_img, ax_hist, ax_cdf = plot_img_and_hist(img_rescale, axes[:, 1])
ax_img.set_title('Contrast stretch')

ax_img, ax_hist, ax_cdf = plot_img_and_hist(img_eq, axes[:, 2])
ax_img.set_title('Histogram eq')

ax_img, ax_hist, ax_cdf = plot_img_and_hist(img_adapteq, axes[:, 3])

ax_cdf.set_ylabel('Fraction of total intensity')
ax_cdf.set_yticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 5))

# prevent overlap of y-axis labels
fig.tight_layout();

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
exposure.

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:



## skimage.feature - extract features from an image¶

This submodule presents a diverse set of tools to identify or extract certain features from images, including tools for

• Edge detection
• feature.canny
• Corner detection
• feature.corner_kitchen_rosenfeld
• feature.corner_harris
• feature.corner_shi_tomasi
• feature.corner_foerstner
• feature.subpix
• feature.corner_moravec
• feature.corner_fast
• feature.corner_orientations
• Blob detection
• feature.blob_dog
• feature.blob_doh
• feature.blob_log
• Texture
• feature.greycomatrix
• feature.greycoprops
• feature.local_binary_pattern
• feature.multiblock_lbp
• Peak finding
• feature.peak_local_max
• Object detction
• feature.hog
• feature.match_template
• Stereoscopic depth estimation
• feature.daisy
• Feature matching
• feature.ORB
• feature.BRIEF
• feature.CENSURE
• feature.match_descriptors
• feature.plot_matches
In [ ]:
from skimage import feature

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
feature.

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:



This is a large submodule. For brevity here is a short example illustrating ORB feature matching, and additional examples can be explored in the online gallery.

In [ ]:
from skimage import data
from skimage import transform as tf
from skimage import feature
from skimage.color import rgb2gray

# Import the astronaut then warp/rotate the image
img1 = rgb2gray(data.astronaut())
img2 = tf.rotate(img1, 180)
tform = tf.AffineTransform(scale=(1.3, 1.1), rotation=0.5,
translation=(0, -200))
img3 = tf.warp(img1, tform)

# Build ORB extractor and extract features
descriptor_extractor = feature.ORB(n_keypoints=200)

descriptor_extractor.detect_and_extract(img1)
keypoints1 = descriptor_extractor.keypoints
descriptors1 = descriptor_extractor.descriptors

descriptor_extractor.detect_and_extract(img2)
keypoints2 = descriptor_extractor.keypoints
descriptors2 = descriptor_extractor.descriptors

descriptor_extractor.detect_and_extract(img3)
keypoints3 = descriptor_extractor.keypoints
descriptors3 = descriptor_extractor.descriptors

# Find matches between the extracted features
matches12 = feature.match_descriptors(descriptors1, descriptors2, cross_check=True)
matches13 = feature.match_descriptors(descriptors1, descriptors3, cross_check=True)

# Plot the results
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1, figsize=(10, 10))

plt.gray()

feature.plot_matches(ax[0], img1, img2, keypoints1, keypoints2, matches12)
ax[0].axis('off')
ax[0].set_title("Original Image vs. Transformed Image")

feature.plot_matches(ax[1], img1, img3, keypoints1, keypoints3, matches13)
ax[1].axis('off')
ax[1].set_title("Original Image vs. Transformed Image");


#### Additional feature detection and extraction examples available in the online gallery.¶

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:



## skimage.filters - apply filters to an image¶

Filtering applies whole-image modifications such as sharpening or blurring. Thresholding methods also live in this submodule.

Notable functions include (links to relevant gallery examples)

• Thresholding
• filters.threshold_* (multiple different functions with this prefix)
• skimage.filters.try_all_threshold to compare various methods
• Edge finding/enhancement
• filters.sobel
• filters.prewitt
• filters.scharr
• filters.roberts
• filters.laplace
• filters.hessian
• Ridge filters
• filters.meijering
• filters.sato
• filters.frangi
• filters.weiner
• filters.inverse
• Directional
• filters.gabor
• Blurring/denoising
• filters.gaussian
• filters.median
• Sharpening
• LPIFilter2D
In [ ]:
from skimage import filters

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
filters.

In [ ]:


In [ ]:



### Rank filters¶

There is a sub-submodule, skimage.filters.rank, which contains rank filters. These filters are nonlinear and operate on the local histogram.

## skimage.future - stable code with unstable API¶

Bleeding edge features which work well, and will be moved from here into the main package in future releases. However, on the way their API may change.

## skimage.graph - graph theory, minimum cost paths¶

Graph theory. Currently this submodule primarily deals with a constructed "cost" image, and how to find the minimum cost path through it, with constraints if desired.

The panorama tutorial lecture illustrates a real-world example.

## skimage.io - utilities to read and write images in various formats¶

Reading your image and writing the results back out. There are multiple plugins available, which support multiple formats. The most commonly used functions include

• io.imsave - Write an image to disk.

## skimage.measure - measuring image or region properties¶

Multiple algorithms to label images, or obtain information about discrete regions of an image.

• Label an image
• measure.label
• In a labeled image (image with discrete regions identified by unique integers, as returned by label), find various properties of the labeled regions. regionprops is extremely useful
• measure.regionprops
• Finding paths from a 2D image, or isosurfaces from a 3D image
• measure.find_contours
• measure.marching_cubes_lewiner
• measure.marching_cubes_classic
• measure.mesh_surface_area (surface area of 3D mesh from marching cubes)
• Quantify the difference between two whole images (often used in denoising or restoration)
• measure.compare_*

RANDom Sample Consensus fitting (RANSAC) - a powerful, robust approach to fitting a model to data. It exists here because its initial use was for fitting shapes, but it can also fit transforms.

• measure.ransac
• measure.CircleModel
• measure.EllipseModel
• measure.LineModelND
In [ ]:
from skimage import measure

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
measure.

In [ ]:
# Room to explore

In [ ]:



## skimage.morphology - binary and grayscale morphology¶

Morphological image processing is a collection of non-linear operations related to the shape or morphology of features in an image, such as boundaries, skeletons, etc. In any given technique, we probe an image with a small shape or template called a structuring element, which defines the region of interest or neighborhood around a pixel.

In [ ]:
from skimage import morphology as morph

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
morph.


### Example: Flood filling¶

Flood fill is an algorithm to iteratively identify and/or change adjacent values in an image based on their similarity to an initial seed point. The conceptual analogy is the ‘paint bucket’ tool in many graphic editors.

The flood function returns the binary mask of the flooded area. flood_fill returns a modified image. Both of these can be set with a tolerance keyword argument, within which the adjacent region will be filled.

Here we will experiment a bit on the cameraman, turning his coat from dark to light.

In [ ]:
from skimage import data
from skimage import morphology as morph

cameraman = data.camera()

# Change the cameraman's coat from dark to light (255).  The seed point is
# chosen as (200, 100),
light_coat = morph.flood_fill(cameraman, (200, 100), 255, tolerance=10)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(10, 5))

ax[0].imshow(cameraman, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax[0].set_title('Original')
ax[0].axis('off')

ax[1].imshow(light_coat, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax[1].plot(100, 200, 'ro')  # seed point
ax[1].set_title('After flood fill')
ax[1].axis('off');


### Example: Binary and grayscale morphology¶

Here we outline the following basic morphological operations:

1. Erosion
2. Dilation
3. Opening
4. Closing
5. White Tophat
6. Black Tophat
7. Skeletonize
8. Convex Hull

To get started, let’s load an image using io.imread. Note that morphology functions only work on gray-scale or binary images, so we set as_gray=True.

In [ ]:
import os
from skimage.data import data_dir
from skimage.util import img_as_ubyte
from skimage import io

as_gray=True))
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))
ax.imshow(orig_phantom, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax.axis('off');

In [ ]:
def plot_comparison(original, filtered, filter_name):

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(8, 4), sharex=True,
sharey=True)
ax1.imshow(original, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax1.set_title('original')
ax1.axis('off')
ax2.imshow(filtered, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax2.set_title(filter_name)
ax2.axis('off')


### Erosion¶

Morphological erosion sets a pixel at (i, j) to the minimum over all pixels in the neighborhood centered at (i, j). Erosion shrinks bright regions and enlarges dark regions.

The structuring element, selem, passed to erosion is a boolean array that describes this neighborhood. Below, we use disk to create a circular structuring element, which we use for most of the following examples.

In [ ]:
from skimage import morphology as morph

selem = morph.disk(6)
eroded = morph.erosion(orig_phantom, selem)
plot_comparison(orig_phantom, eroded, 'erosion')


### Dilation¶

Morphological dilation sets a pixel at (i, j) to the maximum over all pixels in the neighborhood centered at (i, j). Dilation enlarges bright regions and shrinks dark regions.

In [ ]:
dilated = morph.dilation(orig_phantom, selem)
plot_comparison(orig_phantom, dilated, 'dilation')


Notice how the white boundary of the image thickens, or gets dilated, as we increase the size of the disk. Also notice the decrease in size of the two black ellipses in the centre, and the thickening of the light grey circle in the center and the 3 patches in the lower part of the image.

### Opening¶

Morphological opening on an image is defined as an erosion followed by a dilation. Opening can remove small bright spots (i.e. “salt”) and connect small dark cracks.

In [ ]:
opened = morph.opening(orig_phantom, selem)
plot_comparison(orig_phantom, opened, 'opening')


Since opening an image starts with an erosion operation, light regions that are smaller than the structuring element are removed. The dilation operation that follows ensures that light regions that are larger than the structuring element retain their original size. Notice how the light and dark shapes in the center their original thickness but the 3 lighter patches in the bottom get completely eroded. The size dependence is highlighted by the outer white ring: The parts of the ring thinner than the structuring element were completely erased, while the thicker region at the top retains its original thickness.

### Closing¶

Morphological closing on an image is defined as a dilation followed by an erosion. Closing can remove small dark spots (i.e. “pepper”) and connect small bright cracks.

To illustrate this more clearly, let’s add a small crack to the white border:

In [ ]:
phantom = orig_phantom.copy()
phantom[10:30, 200:210] = 0

closed = morph.closing(phantom, selem)
plot_comparison(phantom, closed, 'closing')


Since closing an image starts with an dilation operation, dark regions that are smaller than the structuring element are removed. The dilation operation that follows ensures that dark regions that are larger than the structuring element retain their original size. Notice how the white ellipses at the bottom get connected because of dilation, but other dark region retain their original sizes. Also notice how the crack we added is mostly removed.

### White tophat¶

The white_tophat of an image is defined as the image minus its morphological opening. This operation returns the bright spots of the image that are smaller than the structuring element.

To make things interesting, we’ll add bright and dark spots to the image:

In [ ]:
phantom = orig_phantom.copy()
phantom[340:350, 200:210] = 255
phantom[100:110, 200:210] = 0

w_tophat = morph.white_tophat(phantom, selem)
plot_comparison(phantom, w_tophat, 'white tophat')


As you can see, the 10-pixel wide white square is highlighted since it is smaller than the structuring element. Also, the thin, white edges around most of the ellipse are retained because they’re smaller than the structuring element, but the thicker region at the top disappears.

### Black tophat¶

The black_tophat of an image is defined as its morphological closing minus the original image. This operation returns the dark spots of the image that are smaller than the structuring element.

In [ ]:
b_tophat = morph.black_tophat(phantom, selem)
plot_comparison(phantom, b_tophat, 'black tophat')


As you can see, the 10-pixel wide black square is highlighted since it is smaller than the structuring element.

#### Duality¶

As you should have noticed, many of these operations are simply the reverse of another operation. This duality can be summarized as follows:

• Erosion <-> Dilation
• Opening <-> Closing
• White tophat <-> Black tophat

### Skeletonize¶

Thinning is used to reduce each connected component in a binary image to a single-pixel wide skeleton. It is important to note that this is performed on binary images only.

In [ ]:
horse = io.imread(os.path.join(data_dir, "horse.png"), as_gray=True)

sk = morph.skeletonize(horse == 0)
plot_comparison(horse, sk, 'skeletonize')


As the name suggests, this technique is used to thin the image to 1-pixel wide skeleton by applying thinning successively.

### Convex hull¶

The convex_hull_image is the set of pixels included in the smallest convex polygon that surround all white pixels in the input image. Again note that this is also performed on binary images.

In [ ]:
hull1 = morph.convex_hull_image(horse == 0)
plot_comparison(horse, hull1, 'convex hull')


## skimage.restoration - restoration of an image¶

This submodule includes routines to restore images. Currently these routines fall into four major categories. Links lead to topical gallery examples.

• Reducing noise
• restoration.denoise_*
• Deconvolution, or reversing a convolutional effect which applies to the entire image. For example, lens correction. This can be done unsupervised.
• restoration.weiner
• restoration.unsupervised_weiner
• restoration.richardson_lucy
• Inpainting, or filling in missing areas of an image
• restoration.inpaint_biharmonic
• Phase unwrapping
• restoration.unwrap_phase
In [ ]:
from skimage import restoration

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
restoration.

In [ ]:
# Space to experiment with restoration techniques

In [ ]:


In [ ]:



## skimage.segmentation - identification of regions of interest¶

One of the key image analysis tasks is identifying regions of interest. These could be a person, an object, certain features of an animal, microscopic image, or stars. Segmenting an image is the process of determining where these things you want are in your images.

Segmentation has two overarching categories: Supervised and Unsupervised.

Supervised - must provide some guidance (seed points or initial conditions)

• segmentation.random_walker
• segmentation.active_contour
• segmentation.watershed
• segmentation.flood_fill
• segmentation.flood
• some thresholding algorithms in filters

Unsupervised - no human input

• segmentation.slic
• segmentation.felzenszwalb
• segmentation.chan_vese
• some thresholding algorithms in filters

There is a segmentation lecture (and solution) you may peruse, as well as many gallery examples which illustrate all of these segmentation methods.

In [ ]:
from skimage import segmentation

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
segmentation.

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:


In [ ]:



## skimage.transform - transforms & warping¶

This submodule has multiple features which fall under the umbrella of transformations.

Forward (radon) and inverse (iradon) radon transforms, as well as some variants (iradon_sart) and the finite versions of these transforms (frt2 and ifrt2). These are used for reconstructing medical computed tomography (CT) images.

Hough transforms for identifying lines, circles, and ellipses.

Changing image size, shape, or resolution with resize, rescale, or downscale_local_mean.

warp, and warp_coordinates which take an image or set of coordinates and translate them through one of the defined *Transforms in this submodule. estimate_transform may be assist in estimating the parameters.

Numerous gallery examples are available illustrating these functions. The panorama tutorial also includes warping via SimilarityTransform with parameter estimation via measure.ransac.

In [ ]:
from skimage import transform

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
transform.

In [ ]:
# Room for experimentation

In [ ]:


In [ ]:



## skimage.util - utility functions¶

These are generally useful functions which have no definite other place in the package.

util.img_as_* are convenience functions for datatype conversion.

util.invert is a convenient way to invert any image, accounting for its datatype.

util.random_noise is a comprehensive function to apply any amount of many different types of noise to images. The seed may be set, resulting in pseudo-random noise for testing.

util.view_as_* allows for overlapping views into the same memory array, which is useful for elegant local computations with minimal memory impact.

util.apply_parallel uses Dask to apply a function across subsections of an image. This can result in dramatic performance or memory improvements, but depending on the algorithm edge effects or lack of knowledge of the remainder of the image may result in unexpected results.

util.pad and util.crop pads or crops the edges of images. util.pad is now a direct wrapper for numpy.pad.

In [ ]:
from skimage import util

In [ ]:
# Explore with tab completion
util.

In [ ]:
# Room to experiment

In [ ]: