(the data set should be installed in two directories just above the one where this notebook is located: train and test1)
# The package 'os' will be necessary to find the current
# working directory os.getcwd() and also to list all
# files in a directory os.listdir().
import os
# https://docs.python.org/2/library/multiprocessing.html
from multiprocessing import Pool
# Only used for the final test
import urllib, cStringIO
# Yep, I don't like to import numpy as np :P
import numpy
# As I've explained somewhere, Scipy will help us
# reading (using Pillow) and resizing images.
import scipy.misc
# Pyplot is what we use for plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# And here is the Keras stuff:
# We don't really need this since it would
# be easy do code something like this ourselves
from keras.utils import np_utils
# https://keras.io/getting-started/sequential-model-guide/
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.layers import Activation
from keras.layers import Dropout
# https://keras.io/optimizers/
from keras.optimizers import SGD
from keras.optimizers import Adagrad
# While the method for saving a model is
# part of the model object, to load we need
# to import something else
from keras.models import load_model
# Returns the current working directory
# (where the Python interpreter was called)
path = os.getcwd()
# The path separator used by the OS:
sep = os.path.sep
# This is the directory where the training images are located
dirname = "train"
# Generates a list of all images (actualy the filenames) from the training set,
# but it will also include the full path
imagePaths = [path+sep+dirname+sep+filename
for filename in os.listdir(path+sep+dirname)]
# To speed up things, I will use parallel computing!
# Pool lets me use its map method and select the number of parallel processes.
def import_training_set(args):
'''
Reads the image from imagePath, resizes
and returns it together with its label and
original index.
'''
index,imagePath,new_image_size = args
# Reads the image
image = scipy.misc.imread(imagePath)
# Split will literally split a string at that character
# returning a list of strings.
# First we split according to the os.path.sep and keep
# only the last item from the list gererated ([-1]).
# This will give us the filename.
filename = imagePath.split(os.path.sep)[-1]
# Then we split it again using "."
# and extract the first item ([0]):
label = filename.split(".")[0]
# and the second item ([1]):
original_index = filename.split(".")[1]
# Resizes the image (downsampling) to new_image_size and
# converts it to a 1D list (flatten).
input_vector = scipy.misc.imresize(image,new_image_size).flatten()
return (index,(original_index,label,input_vector))
%%time
# The size of the resized image.
# After we apply the flatten method, it will become a list of 32x32x3 items (1024x3).
# (Where is the 'x3' coming from? Our images are composed of three colors!)
new_image_size = 32,32
number_of_parallel_processes = 7
# When the map is finished, we will receive a list with tuples:
# (index,(original_index,label,input_vector)) => (index,(original_index,'category',1D resized image))
#
# There's no guarantee about the ordering because they are running in parallel.
ans = Pool(number_of_parallel_processes).map(import_training_set,[(i,img,new_image_size)
for i,img in enumerate(imagePaths)])
CPU times: user 236 ms, sys: 99.4 ms, total: 336 ms Wall time: 40.2 s
# Because import_training_set returns a tuple like this:
# (index,(original_index,label,input_vector))
# and index is unique, we can convert to a dictionary
# to solve our problem with unordered items:
training_set = dict(ans)
# Gives a hint to the garbage collector...
del ans
# Let's verify if we loaded all images:
len(training_set)
25000
# And now test to see what is inside:
training_set[0],training_set[24999]
(('0', 'cat', array([211, 172, 94, ..., 3, 3, 0], dtype=uint8)), ('9999', 'dog', array([249, 243, 235, ..., 254, 254, 254], dtype=uint8)))
# Let's imagine we don't know how many different labels we have.
# (we know, they are 'cat' and 'dog'...)
# A Python set can help us to create a list of unique labels.
# (i[0]=>filename index, i[1]=>label, i[2]=>1D vector)
unique_labels = set([i[1] for i in training_set.values()])
# With a list of unique labels, we will generate a dictionary
# to convert from a label (string) to a index (integer):
labels2int = {j:i for i,j in enumerate(unique_labels)}
# Creates a list with labels (ordered according to the dictionary index)
labels = [labels2int[i[1]] for i in training_set.values()]
# Instead of '1' and '0', the function below will transform our labels
# into vectors [0.,1.] and [1.,0.]:
labels = np_utils.to_categorical(labels, 2)
# First, we will create a numpy array going from zero to len(training_set):
# (dtype=int guarantees they are integers)
random_selection = numpy.arange(len(training_set),dtype=int)
# Then we create a random state object with our seed:
# (the seed is useful to be able to reproduce our experiment later)
seed = 12345
rnd = numpy.random.RandomState(seed)
# Finally we shuffle the random_selection array:
rnd.shuffle(random_selection)
test_size=0.25 # we will use 25% for testing purposes
# Breaking the code below to make it easier to understand:
# => training_set[i][-1]
# Returns the 1D vector from item 'i'.
# => training_set[i][-1]/255.0
# Normalizes the input values from 0. to 1.
# => random_selection[:int(len(training_set)*(1-test_size))]
# Gives us the first (1-test_size)*100% of the shuffled items
trainData = [training_set[i][-1]/255.0 for i in random_selection[:int(len(training_set)*(1-test_size))]]
trainData = numpy.array(trainData)
trainLabels = [labels[i] for i in random_selection[:int(len(training_set)*(1-test_size))]]
trainLabels = numpy.array(trainLabels)
testData = [training_set[i][-1]/255.0 for i in random_selection[:int(len(training_set)*(test_size))]]
testData = numpy.array(testData)
testLabels = [labels[i] for i in random_selection[:int(len(training_set)*(test_size))]]
testLabels = numpy.array(testLabels)
# Using sympy to print nice LaTeX based matrices:
# http://docs.sympy.org/dev/tutorial/printing.html
from sympy import Matrix, init_printing
# init_printing(use_latex=True)
init_printing(use_latex='png') # Makes easier to add to a post without using MathML
img = numpy.zeros((2,2,3)) # RGB=>3
img[0,0,0] = 1. #(0,0) - R layer=>0
img[0,1,1] = 1. #(0,1) - G layer=>1
img[1,0,2] = 1. #(0,0) - B layer=>1
img[1,1,:] = 0. #(1,1) - R,G,B layers=>0. In RGB, a zero value for all colours means black.
img
array([[[ 1., 0., 0.], [ 0., 1., 0.]], [[ 0., 0., 1.], [ 0., 0., 0.]]])
plt.imshow(img,interpolation='none')
plt.show()
# First, visualize the R,G and B matrices using Sympy / LaTeX:
Matrix(img[:,:,0]) , Matrix(img[:,:,1]), Matrix(img[:,:,2])
print "Flattened (now 1D array):"
print img.flatten()
print
print "Flattened (now highlighting how the 2x2 matrices become a 1D array):"
print "(Flatten gets element 0 from all 3 matrices, then element 1... and at the end just glue them together)"
print img.flatten().reshape(4,3)
print
print "Original (2x2x3 array):"
print img.flatten().reshape((2,2,3))
Flattened (now 1D array): [ 1. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0.] Flattened (now highlighting how the 2x2 matrices become a 1D array): (Flatten gets element 0 from all 3 matrices, then element 1... and at the end just glue them together) [[ 1. 0. 0.] [ 0. 1. 0.] [ 0. 0. 1.] [ 0. 0. 0.]] Original (2x2x3 array): [[[ 1. 0. 0.] [ 0. 1. 0.]] [[ 0. 0. 1.] [ 0. 0. 0.]]]
(Matrix(img[:,:,0]) , Matrix(img[:,:,1]), Matrix(img[:,:,2])),Matrix(img.flatten().reshape(4,3).T),Matrix(img.flatten())
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.subplot(141)
plt.imshow((testData[1].reshape(32,32,3)), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Original")
plt.subplot(142)
plt.imshow((numpy.rollaxis(testData[1].reshape(32,32,3), 1, 0)).reshape(32,32,3), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Crazy 1")
plt.subplot(143)
plt.imshow((numpy.rollaxis(testData[1].reshape(32,32,3), 2, 0)).reshape(32,32,3), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Crazy 2")
plt.subplot(144)
plt.imshow(numpy.rollaxis(testData[1].reshape(3,32,32), 0, 3), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Crazy 3")
plt.show()
# # I'm not using it, but it's useful, so I will let it here ;)
# old_options = numpy.get_printoptions()
# # numpy.set_printoptions(old_options)
# old_options
# The original image RGB matrices
img_round = numpy.round(testData[1].reshape(32,32,3),decimals=2)
Matrix(img_round[:,:,0]),Matrix(img_round[:,:,1]),Matrix(img_round[:,:,2])
Now, we will give names to our layers and make life easier.
# https://keras.io/getting-started/sequential-model-guide/
# define the architecture of the network
model_rnd = Sequential()
# input layer has size "input_dim" (new_image_size[0]*new_image_size[1]*3).
# The first hidden layer will have size 768, followed by 384 and 2.
# 3072=>768=>384=>2
input_len = new_image_size[0]*new_image_size[1]*3
# A Dense layer is a fully connected NN layer (feedforward)
# https://keras.io/layers/core/#dense
# init="uniform" will initialize the weights / bias randomly
model_rnd.add(Dense(input_len/4, input_dim=input_len, init="uniform", name="Input_layer"))
# https://keras.io/layers/core/#activation
# https://keras.io/activations/
model_rnd.add(Activation('relu', name="Input_layer_act"))
# Now this layer will have output dimension of 384
model_rnd.add(Dense(input_len/8, init="uniform", name="Hidden_layer"))
model_rnd.add(Activation('relu', name="Hidden_layer_act"))
# Because we want to classify between only two classes (binary), the final output is 2
model_rnd.add(Dense(2, name="Classifier_layer"))
model_rnd.add(Activation("softmax"))
We have, at least, two options: 1. find or change the names 2. recover the weights and load into the new network
my_97perc_acc = load_model('my_97perc_acc.h5')
score = my_97perc_acc.evaluate(testData, testLabels, batch_size=128, verbose=0)
print('Test score:', score[0])
print('Test accuracy:', score[1])
('Test score:', 0.13020923321247102) ('Test accuracy:', 0.97744000049591062)
# layers is a list with Keras layers (instances)
my_97perc_acc.layers
[<keras.layers.core.Dense at 0x146804350>, <keras.layers.core.Activation at 0x14394c510>, <keras.layers.core.Dense at 0x10f61de10>, <keras.layers.core.Activation at 0x141e62950>, <keras.layers.core.Dense at 0x14394c550>, <keras.layers.core.Activation at 0x141a1b750>]
# Just to make life easier
first_layer = my_97perc_acc.layers[0]
first_layer_after_activation = my_97perc_acc.layers[1]
second_layer = my_97perc_acc.layers[2]
second_layer_after_activation = my_97perc_acc.layers[3]
classifier_layer = my_97perc_acc.layers[4]
# Keras automatically attributed layer names
for layer in my_97perc_acc.layers:
print layer.name
dense_1 activation_1 dense_2 activation_2 dense_3 activation_3
# But I think it's nicer to change the names to match the new model
first_layer.name = "Input_layer"
first_layer_after_activation.name = "Input_layer_act"
second_layer.name = "Hidden_layer"
second_layer_after_activation.name = "Hidden_layer_act"
# https://keras.io/getting-started/faq/#how-can-i-obtain-the-output-of-an-intermediate-layer
model = model_rnd
# model = my_97perc_acc
layer_name = 'Input_layer_act'
input_layer_out = Model(input=model.input, output=model.get_layer(layer_name).output)
layer_name = 'Hidden_layer_act'
hidden_layer_out = Model(input=model.input, output=model.get_layer(layer_name).output)
idx = 1
input_image = testData[idx]
first_output = input_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output = hidden_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output.resize(11*11*3)
final_output = model.predict(input_image.reshape(1,input_image.shape[0]))
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.imshow((input_image.reshape(32,32,3)), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Original - "+str(final_output[0]))
plt.subplot(132)
plt.imshow(first_output.reshape(16,16,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("First Layer")
plt.subplot(133)
plt.imshow(second_output.reshape(11,11,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("Second Layer")
plt.show()
def layers_output(idx):
input_image = testData[idx]
first_output = input_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output = hidden_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output.resize(11*11*3)
final_output = model.predict(input_image.reshape(1,input_image.shape[0]))
return input_image,first_output,second_output,final_output
total_imgs = 10
plt.figure(figsize=(10,30))
for i in range(total_imgs):
input_image,first_output,second_output,final_output = layers_output(i)
plt.subplot(total_imgs,3,1+i*3)
plt.imshow((input_image.reshape(32,32,3)), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Original - "+str(final_output[0]))
plt.subplot(total_imgs,3,2+i*3)
plt.imshow(first_output.reshape(16,16,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("First Layer")
plt.subplot(total_imgs,3,3+i*3)
plt.imshow(second_output.reshape(11,11,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("Second Layer")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
All layers (??? at least the ones I've tested so far...) have two methods to get and set weights:
w1 = first_layer.get_weights()
w2 = second_layer.get_weights()
w3 = classifier_layer.get_weights()
# Dense layers fully connect the input to the output (w1[0]) and add bias (w1[1]).
# Therefore get_weights returns the weights matrix and the bias vector
# (actually bias can be seen as always 1 and the values are the weights connecting them to the next layer, one-to-one).
w1[0].shape, w1[1].shape
I hope you can do it from here ;)
w1[0].max()
0.096393012
w1[0].min()
-0.097316824
w1_reshaped = w1[0].reshape((32,32,3,768))
w1_reshaped[:,:,0].flatten()
array([-0.03662795, -0.00825124, -0.01432665, ..., -0.01016488, -0.01302101, -0.02127896], dtype=float32)
As a test, I will load the weights from the model 'my_97perc_acc' into the 'model_rnd'
# First instanciate the layer:
first_layer_rnd = model_rnd.get_layer('Input_layer')
# we could also use model_rnd.layers[0] instead
second_layer_rnd = model_rnd.get_layer('Hidden_layer')
classifier_layer_rnd = model_rnd.get_layer('Classifier_layer')
# just saves the current weights
w1_old = first_layer_rnd.get_weights()
w2_old = second_layer_rnd.get_weights()
w3_old = classifier_layer_rnd.get_weights()
first_layer_rnd.set_weights(w1_old)
second_layer_rnd.set_weights(w2_old)
classifier_layer_rnd.set_weights(w3_old)
idx = 1
input_image = testData[idx]
first_output = input_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output = hidden_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output.resize(11*11*3)
final_output = model.predict(input_image.reshape(1,input_image.shape[0]))
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.imshow((input_image.reshape(32,32,3)), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Original - "+str(final_output[0]))
plt.subplot(132)
plt.imshow(first_output.reshape(16,16,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("First Layer")
plt.subplot(133)
plt.imshow(second_output.reshape(11,11,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("Second Layer")
plt.show()
# set the weights using the ones from our trained model:
# (the results must be the same now...)
first_layer_rnd.set_weights(w1)
second_layer_rnd.set_weights(w2)
classifier_layer_rnd.set_weights(w3)
idx = 1
input_image = testData[idx]
first_output = input_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output = hidden_layer_out.predict(input_image.reshape(1,testData[idx].shape[0]))
second_output.resize(11*11*3)
final_output = model.predict(input_image.reshape(1,input_image.shape[0]))
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.imshow((input_image.reshape(32,32,3)), interpolation='none')
plt.title("Original - "+str(final_output[0]))
plt.subplot(132)
plt.imshow(first_output.reshape(16,16,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("First Layer")
plt.subplot(133)
plt.imshow(second_output.reshape(11,11,3),interpolation='none')
plt.title("Second Layer")
plt.show()