This Notebook demonstrates how to use QInfer to the fidelity of a gateset using experimental data from randomized benchmarking.
First, to make sure that this example works in both Python 2 and 3, we tell Python 2 to use 3-style division and printing.
from __future__ import division, print_function
Next, we import QInfer itself, along with NumPy and Matplotlib.
import qinfer as qi
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
/home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/qinfer/metrics.py:51: UserWarning: Could not import scikit-learn. Some features may not work. warnings.warn("Could not import scikit-learn. Some features may not work.") /home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/matplotlib/__init__.py:872: UserWarning: axes.color_cycle is deprecated and replaced with axes.prop_cycle; please use the latter. warnings.warn(self.msg_depr % (key, alt_key)) /home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/IPython/parallel.py:13: ShimWarning: The `IPython.parallel` package has been deprecated. You should import from ipyparallel instead. "You should import from ipyparallel instead.", ShimWarning) /home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/qinfer/parallel.py:53: UserWarning: Could not import IPython parallel. Parallelization support will be disabled. "Could not import IPython parallel. "
For pretty-printing later, we'll need to borrow some unicode compatibility from future
, so that this notebook also works under Python 2. We'll also import reduce
in a 2/3 compatible manner.
from future.utils import python_2_unicode_compatible
from builtins import str
from functools import reduce
We finish by configuring Matplotlib for plotting in Jupyter Notebook.
%matplotlib inline
try: plt.style.use('ggplot')
except: pass
In a randomized benchmarking (RB) experiment, one chooses a random sequence of gates from a 2-design (for example, the Clifford group), then inverts the ideal action of the sequence and measures if the inversion was successful. Magesan et al. 10/tfz showed that this results in an exponentially decay in the length $m$ of each sequence, $$ A p^m + B, $$ where $p$ is related to the the average fidelity $F$ of the 2-design used by $F = 1 - (1 - p) (d - 1) / d$ for a $d$-dimensional system, and where $A$ and $B$ are nuisance parameters. We will give a more precise definition later, and will show a numerical example of how this model arises. For now, though, we will synthesize some data by assuming the correctness of the model.
p = 0.995
A = 0.5
B = 0.5
ms = np.linspace(1, 800, 201).astype(int)
signal = A * p ** ms + B
n_shots = 25
counts = np.random.binomial(p=signal, n=n_shots)
plt.plot(ms, signal, label='Signal')
plt.plot(ms, counts / n_shots, 'x', label='Data')
plt.ylim(ymax=1)
plt.legend()
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7fa6a4f0ae48>
We can now pack our synthetic data up for analysis by QInfer.
data = np.column_stack([counts, ms, n_shots * np.ones_like(counts)])
mean, cov, extra = qi.simple_est_rb(data, return_all=True, n_particles=12000)
print("Estimated p: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[0], np.sqrt(cov[0, 0])))
Estimated p: 0.9925 ± 0.0020
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(range_max=1)
plt.xlim(xmax=1)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(p, *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
Note that in analyzing, we have assumed that the true value of $p$ can be anything in the range $[0, 1]$, such that this will often underestimate the true fidelity. Including even a very modest assumption such as $p\ge 0.8$ can help dramatically.
mean, cov, extra = qi.simple_est_rb(data, return_all=True, n_particles=12000, p_min=0.8)
print("Estimated p: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[0], np.sqrt(cov[0, 0])))
Estimated p: 0.9958 ± 0.0010
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(range_max=1)
plt.xlim(xmax=1)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(p, *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
extra['updater'].plot_covariance()
extra['updater']
$p$ | $A$ | $B$ |
$1.00 \pm 0.00$ | $0.5 \pm 0.0$ | $0.5 \pm 0.0$ |
We can also synthesize data by simulating gates, instead of assuming the correctness of the Magesan et al. model a priori. We will do so here using QuTiP. Let's start by modeling each gate $S_i$ as the ideal unitary followed by a gate-independent noise channel, $S_i = \Lambda U_i$. We will take $\Lambda = e^{-0.08i \sigma_x}$ to demonstrate that the RB model arises even when the noise is purely unitary, so long as the noise remains gate- and time-independent.
import qutip as qt
from operator import mul
lambda_ = qt.to_super((-1j * 0.08 * qt.sigmax()).expm())
lambda_
The value of $p$ for this gate then serves as the true value that we are attempting to learn:
qi.rb.p(qt.average_gate_fidelity(lambda_))
0.99148485558375188
For simplicity, we'll take the preparation and measurement to be perfect— because this assumption is represented as a pair of QuTiP Qobj instances, it's easy to change.
rho = qt.ket2dm(qt.basis(2, 0))
meas = rho
For standard randomized benchmarking, however, we need to do a bit more work, since the ideal action of each sequence must be the identity. In particular, we need to be able to quickly find which gate we need to add to the end of each sequence to invert the previous gates.
To do so, we will lean heavily on the presentation of the Clifford group used in the newsynth Haskell package by Ross and Selinger.
from itertools import product
Following the newsynth approach, we will represent each single-qubit Clifford gate $U$ by a tuple of integers $(i, j, k, l)$ such that $$ (i, j, k, l) \mapsto \omega^l E^i X^j S^k, $$ where $S = \operatorname{diag}(1, i)$, $X = \sigma_x = \left(\begin{matrix}0&1\\1&0\end{matrix}\right)$, $\omega = e^{2 \pi i / 8}$, $H = \left(\begin{matrix}1&1\\1&-1\end{matrix}\right) / \sqrt{2}$ is the Hadamard gate, and where $E = H S^3 \omega^3$. This is a convienent presentation, as $\omega^8 = 1$ and $E^3 = X^2 = S^4 = \mathbb{1}$, such that each element of $\mathbb{Z}_3 \times \mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_4 \times \mathbb{Z}_8$ represents exactly one single-qubit Clifford gate. This in turn makes it very convienent to randomly select Clifford group elements without having to worry that we have double-counted any gates due to our presentation.
w = np.exp(1j * 2 * np.pi / 8)
H = qt.snot()
X = qt.sigmax()
S = qt.phasegate(np.pi / 2)
E = H * (S ** 3) * w ** 3
We'll port the newsynth presentation to Python by subclassing tuple
with methods that implement multiplication and inversion, and that return an ordinary QuTiP Qobj
representing each gate. These methods will depend on three lookup tables that represent the commutation relatons between the generators $E$, $X$ and $S$. First, we implement the newsynth table $(k, j) \mapsto (k', l')$ such that $X^j S^k = S^{k'} X^j \omega^{l'}$. This table will let us commute $X$ past $S$ in products.
CLIFFORD_SX = {
(0, 0): (0,0),
(0, 1): (0,0),
(1, 0): (1,0),
(1, 1): (3,2),
(2, 0): (2,0),
(2, 1): (2,4),
(3, 0): (3,0),
(3, 1): (1,6),
}
for k, j in product(range(4), range(2)):
kp, lp = CLIFFORD_SX[k, j]
assert (
X**j * S**k -
S**kp * X**j * w**lp
).norm() <= 1e-8
Next, we'll implement the table $(j, k, i) \mapsto (i', j', k', l')$ such that $X^j S^k E^i = E^{i'} X^{j'} S^{k'} \omega^{l'}$. This will let us commute $E$ into its proper position.
CLIFFORD_XSE = {
(0, 0, 0): (0,0,0,0),
(0, 0, 1): (1,0,0,0),
(0, 0, 2): (2,0,0,0),
(0, 1, 0): (0,0,1,0),
(0, 1, 1): (2,0,3,6),
(0, 1, 2): (1,1,3,4),
(0, 2, 0): (0,0,2,0),
(0, 2, 1): (1,1,2,2),
(0, 2, 2): (2,1,0,0),
(0, 3, 0): (0,0,3,0),
(0, 3, 1): (2,1,3,6),
(0, 3, 2): (1,0,1,2),
(1, 0, 0): (0,1,0,0),
(1, 0, 1): (1,0,2,0),
(1, 0, 2): (2,1,2,2),
(1, 1, 0): (0,1,1,0),
(1, 1, 1): (2,1,1,0),
(1, 1, 2): (1,1,1,0),
(1, 2, 0): (0,1,2,0),
(1, 2, 1): (1,1,0,6),
(1, 2, 2): (2,0,2,6),
(1, 3, 0): (0,1,3,0),
(1, 3, 1): (2,0,1,4),
(1, 3, 2): (1,0,3,2),
}
for j, k, i in product(range(2), range(4), range(3)):
ip, jp, kp, lp = CLIFFORD_XSE[j, k, i]
assert (
X**j * S**k * E**i -
E**ip * X**jp * S**kp * w**lp
).norm() <= 1e-8
The last table we will need is $(i, j, k) \mapsto (i', j', k', l')$ such that $(E^i S^j X^k)^{-1} = E^{i'} S^{j'} X^{k'} \omega^{l'}$. That is, the table that stores the inverse of each Clifford gate with phase $l = 0$.
CLIFFORD_INV = {
(0, 0, 0): (0,0,0,0),
(0, 0, 1): (0,0,3,0),
(0, 0, 2): (0,0,2,0),
(0, 0, 3): (0,0,1,0),
(0, 1, 0): (0,1,0,0),
(0, 1, 1): (0,1,1,6),
(0, 1, 2): (0,1,2,4),
(0, 1, 3): (0,1,3,2),
(1, 0, 0): (2,0,0,0),
(1, 0, 1): (1,0,1,2),
(1, 0, 2): (2,1,0,0),
(1, 0, 3): (1,1,3,4),
(1, 1, 0): (2,1,2,2),
(1, 1, 1): (1,1,1,6),
(1, 1, 2): (2,0,2,2),
(1, 1, 3): (1,0,3,4),
(2, 0, 0): (1,0,0,0),
(2, 0, 1): (2,1,3,6),
(2, 0, 2): (1,1,2,2),
(2, 0, 3): (2,0,3,6),
(2, 1, 0): (1,0,2,0),
(2, 1, 1): (2,1,1,6),
(2, 1, 2): (1,1,0,2),
(2, 1, 3): (2,0,1,6),
}
for i, j, k in product(range(3), range(2), range(4)):
ip, jp, kp, lp = CLIFFORD_INV[i, j, k]
assert (
(E**i * X**j * S**k).dag() -
E**ip * X**jp * S**kp * w**lp
).norm() <= 1e-8
We are now equipped to represent each element of the Ross and Selinger presentation as an instance of a new class Clifford
. By overriding Clifford.__new__
, we can ensure that exactly one instance is created for each combination of $i$, $j$, $k$ and $l$. This will effectively let us lazily compute the different properties of each gate, making it much faster to sample each sequence.
sup_numerals = u"⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹"
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Clifford(tuple):
# Maintain a dictionary of which Clifford instances already
# exist, so that __new__ can return such existing instances.
__instances = {}
def __new__ (cls, i=0, j=0, k=0, l=0):
if (i, j, k, l) in cls.__instances:
return cls.__instances[i, j, k, l]
else:
new = super(Clifford, cls).__new__(cls, (i % 3, j % 2, k % 4, l % 8))
cls.__instances[i, j, k, l] = new
return new
# Lazily store the QuTiP representation of each gate.
_Q = None
def __mul__(self, other):
"""
Returns the product of this Clifford gate with another one.
"""
# Unpack the powers of E, S, X and omega for each gate.
i1, j1, k1, l1 = self
i2, j2, k2, l2 = other
# Commute E^i₂ past X^j₁ S^k₁.
i3, j3, k3, l3 = CLIFFORD_XSE[j1, k1, i2]
# Commute S past X.
k4, l4 = CLIFFORD_SX[k3, j2]
return Clifford(
i1 + i3,
j3 + j2,
k4 + k2,
# Accumulate the phases we picked up at each step.
l4 + l3 + l1 + l2
)
@property
def inv(self):
(i2, j2, k2, l2) = CLIFFORD_INV[self[0], self[1], self[2]]
return Clifford(
i2, j2, k2, l2 - self[3]
)
def qobj(self):
if not self._Q:
self._Q = E**self[0] * X**self[1] * S**self[2] * w**self[3]
return self._Q
# Finally, we'll add some support for pretty-printing.
def __repr__(self):
return u"Clifford({0[0]}, {0[1]}, {0[2]}, {0[3]})".format(self)
def __str__(self):
if self[3] >= 4:
return u"-" + str(Clifford(self[0], self[1], self[2], self[3] % 4))
elif self[3] >= 2:
return u"i" + str(Clifford(self[0], self[1], self[2], self[3] % 2))
elif self[3] == 1:
return u"ω" + str(Clifford(self[0], self[1], self[2]))
elif self == Clifford(0, 0, 0, 0):
return u"𝟙"
else:
return u"".join([
u"{}{}".format(U, sup_numerals[power] if power > 1 else u"")
for U, power in zip(u"EXS", self[:3])
if power
])
clifford_group = [
Clifford(i, j, k, l)
for i, j, k, l in
product(range(3), range(2), range(4), range(8))
]
print(", ".join(map(str, clifford_group)))
𝟙, ω𝟙, i𝟙, iω𝟙, -𝟙, -ω𝟙, -i𝟙, -iω𝟙, S, ωS, iS, iωS, -S, -ωS, -iS, -iωS, S², ωS², iS², iωS², -S², -ωS², -iS², -iωS², S³, ωS³, iS³, iωS³, -S³, -ωS³, -iS³, -iωS³, X, ωX, iX, iωX, -X, -ωX, -iX, -iωX, XS, ωXS, iXS, iωXS, -XS, -ωXS, -iXS, -iωXS, XS², ωXS², iXS², iωXS², -XS², -ωXS², -iXS², -iωXS², XS³, ωXS³, iXS³, iωXS³, -XS³, -ωXS³, -iXS³, -iωXS³, E, ωE, iE, iωE, -E, -ωE, -iE, -iωE, ES, ωES, iES, iωES, -ES, -ωES, -iES, -iωES, ES², ωES², iES², iωES², -ES², -ωES², -iES², -iωES², ES³, ωES³, iES³, iωES³, -ES³, -ωES³, -iES³, -iωES³, EX, ωEX, iEX, iωEX, -EX, -ωEX, -iEX, -iωEX, EXS, ωEXS, iEXS, iωEXS, -EXS, -ωEXS, -iEXS, -iωEXS, EXS², ωEXS², iEXS², iωEXS², -EXS², -ωEXS², -iEXS², -iωEXS², EXS³, ωEXS³, iEXS³, iωEXS³, -EXS³, -ωEXS³, -iEXS³, -iωEXS³, E², ωE², iE², iωE², -E², -ωE², -iE², -iωE², E²S, ωE²S, iE²S, iωE²S, -E²S, -ωE²S, -iE²S, -iωE²S, E²S², ωE²S², iE²S², iωE²S², -E²S², -ωE²S², -iE²S², -iωE²S², E²S³, ωE²S³, iE²S³, iωE²S³, -E²S³, -ωE²S³, -iE²S³, -iωE²S³, E²X, ωE²X, iE²X, iωE²X, -E²X, -ωE²X, -iE²X, -iωE²X, E²XS, ωE²XS, iE²XS, iωE²XS, -E²XS, -ωE²XS, -iE²XS, -iωE²XS, E²XS², ωE²XS², iE²XS², iωE²XS², -E²XS², -ωE²XS², -iE²XS², -iωE²XS², E²XS³, ωE²XS³, iE²XS³, iωE²XS³, -E²XS³, -ωE²XS³, -iE²XS³, -iωE²XS³
Now that we can sample, multiply and invert Clifford gates efficiently, we have everything we need to define sequences of Cliffords. We will do so in terms of a gateset that defines the noisy implementation of each Clifford gate. For this example, we will hold to the traditional RB assumptions and the same noise channel $\Lambda$ after the ideal action of each gate.
gateset = {
gate: lambda_ * qt.to_super(gate.qobj())
for gate in clifford_group
}
To form a sequence, we pick gates at random from the Clifford group, then append the inverse gate to the end.
def seq(m, gateset):
gates = [clifford_group[idx] for idx in np.random.randint(len(clifford_group), size=m)]
inv_gate = reduce(mul, reversed(gates)).inv
gates = [inv_gate] + list(gates)
return reduce(mul, [
gateset[gate] for gate in reversed(gates)
])
seq(100, gateset)
def sample_rb_datum(m, gateset, rho, meas):
S = seq(m, gateset)
pr = (
qt.operator_to_vector(meas).dag() * S * qt.operator_to_vector(rho)
)[0, 0]
return 1 if np.random.random() < pr else 0
counts = np.empty_like(ms)
progbar = qi.IPythonProgressBar()
progbar.start(ms.sum())
progress = 0
for idx, m in enumerate(ms):
progbar.description = u'𝑚 = {}...'.format(m)
counts[idx] = sum([
sample_rb_datum(m, gateset, rho, meas)
for _ in range(n_shots)
])
progress += m
progbar.update(progress)
data = np.column_stack([counts, ms, n_shots * np.ones_like(counts)])
mean, cov, extra = qi.simple_est_rb(data, return_all=True, n_particles=12000, p_min=0.8)
print("Estimated p: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[0], np.sqrt(cov[0, 0])))
print("Estimated A: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[1], np.sqrt(cov[1, 1])))
print("Estimated B: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[2], np.sqrt(cov[2, 2])))
Estimated p: 0.9911 ± 0.0017 Estimated A: 0.4432 ± 0.0261 Estimated B: 0.5063 ± 0.0118
In the Magesan et al. model, $A$ and $B$ are defined as \begin{align*} A & \mathrel{:=} \operatorname{Tr}(E \Lambda(\rho - \mathbb{1} / d)) \textrm{ and} \\ B & \mathrel{:=} \operatorname{Tr}(E \Lambda(\mathbb{1} / d)), \end{align*} where $d$ is the dimension of the system (in this case, 2). By using our description of $\Lambda$, $\rho$ and $E$, we can calculate these parameters and plot the "true" model for our data, along side the data and our reconstruction from the estimated values of $p$, $A$ and $B$.
A = (qt.operator_to_vector(meas).dag() * lambda_ * qt.operator_to_vector(rho - qt.qeye(2) / 2))[0, 0]
B = (qt.operator_to_vector(meas).dag() * lambda_ * qt.operator_to_vector(qt.qeye(2) / 2))[0, 0]
plt.plot(ms, A + B * qi.rb.p(qt.average_gate_fidelity(lambda_)) ** ms, label='True Model')
plt.plot(ms, counts / n_shots, 'x', label='Data')
plt.plot(ms, mean[2] + mean[1] * mean[0] ** ms, label='Estimated Model')
plt.legend()
/home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py:482: ComplexWarning: Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part return array(a, dtype, copy=False, order=order)
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7fa6a476eb70>
plt.semilogy(ms, B * qi.rb.p(qt.average_gate_fidelity(lambda_)) ** ms, label='True Model')
# plt.plot(ms, (counts / n_shots) - mean[1], 'x', label='Data')
plt.semilogy(ms, mean[1] * mean[0] ** ms, label='Estimated Model')
plt.legend()
/home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py:482: ComplexWarning: Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part return array(a, dtype, copy=False, order=order)
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7fa6a46aa358>
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(range_max=1)
plt.xlim(xmax=1)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(qi.rb.p(qt.average_gate_fidelity(lambda_)), *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
We can also look at the posterior marginal distributions over each of $A$ and $B$.
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(idx_param=1)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(A, *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(idx_param=2)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(B, *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
/home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py:482: ComplexWarning: Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part return array(a, dtype, copy=False, order=order)
Finally, we can plot the covariance matrix for all three parameters, showing how our uncertianty about each of the parameters $p$, $A$ and $B$ are correlated. We do so as a Hinton diagram, in which each positive element is plotted as a white square while each negative element is plotted as a black square. The respective sizes of each element show their magnitudes. That we see a large black square in the $(A, B)$ and $(B, A)$ matrix elements tells us that the estimates of $A$ and $B$ are strongly anti-correlated, such that learning about one tells us a lot about the other.
extra['updater'].plot_covariance()
This becomes more obvious if we plot the correlation matrix instead, where each matrix element is rescaled as $\operatorname{Corr}(X, Y) = \operatorname{Cov}(X, Y) / \sqrt{\operatorname{Cov}(X, X) \operatorname{Cov}(Y, Y)}$.
extra['updater'].plot_covariance(corr=True)
This shows that improving our knowledge of $B$ can have a large impact on our uncertianty in $p$.
We can exploit this by providing a prior distribution that is relatively certain about the values of $A$ and $B$. Such a prior can be justified, for instance, by other experiments that demonstrate high-fidelity measurements. In this example, we will assume a prior distribution over $A$ and $B$ that is narrowly centered around the true values to demonstrate the utility of prior information.
Instead of using simple_est_rb
, we'll use RandomizedBenchmarkingModel
directly, and then wrapping this model with a BinomialModel
to describe multiple shots.
model = qi.BinomialModel(qi.RandomizedBenchmarkingModel())
We can then use PostselectedDistribution
to ensure that our prior is always valid for randomized benchmarking.
prior = qi.PostselectedDistribution(
qi.ProductDistribution(
qi.UniformDistribution([0.8, 1]),
qi.MultivariateNormalDistribution(
np.array([0.498, 0.499]),
np.diag([0.004, 0.002]) ** 2
)
),
model
)
Next, we'll set up an updater to consume the data we simulated in the previous section.
updater = qi.smc.SMCUpdater(model, 12000, prior)
We then setup arrays to hold our outcomes and our experiment parameters.
outcomes = np.array(counts, dtype='uint')[:, np.newaxis]
expparams = np.empty(outcomes.shape, dtype=model.expparams_dtype)
expparams['n_meas'] = n_shots
expparams['m'][:, 0] = ms
Finally, we can update our prior with the data to find the posterior distribution.
for outcome, experiment in zip(outcomes, expparams):
updater.update(outcome, experiment)
mean = updater.est_mean()
cov = updater.est_covariance_mtx()
print("Estimated p: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[0], np.sqrt(cov[0, 0])))
print("Estimated A: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[1], np.sqrt(cov[1, 1])))
print("Estimated B: {:0.4f} ± {:0.4f}".format(mean[2], np.sqrt(cov[2, 2])))
Estimated p: 0.9916 ± 0.0006 Estimated A: 0.4950 ± 0.0031 Estimated B: 0.4987 ± 0.0019
plt.plot(ms, A + B * qi.rb.p(qt.average_gate_fidelity(lambda_)) ** ms, label='True Model')
plt.plot(ms, counts / n_shots, 'x', label='Data')
plt.plot(ms, mean[2] + mean[1] * mean[0] ** ms, label='Estimated Model')
plt.legend()
/home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py:482: ComplexWarning: Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part return array(a, dtype, copy=False, order=order)
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7fa6a44f7ac8>
plt.figure(figsize=(18, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(idx_param=0)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(qi.rb.p(qt.average_gate_fidelity(lambda_)), *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(idx_param=1)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(A, *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)
extra['updater'].plot_posterior_marginal(idx_param=2)
ylim = plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.vlines(B, *ylim)
plt.ylim(*ylim);
/home/cgranade/anaconda/envs/qinfer-binder/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py:482: ComplexWarning: Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part return array(a, dtype, copy=False, order=order)
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
updater.plot_covariance()
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
updater.plot_covariance(corr=True)