This tutorial will demonstrate how perform tomography on gate sets which, in addition to normal gates, contain quantum instruments. Quantum instruments are maps that act on a qubit state (density matrix) and produce a qubit state along with a classical outcome. That is, instruments are maps from $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$, the space of density matrices, to $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}) \otimes K(n)$, where $K(n)$ is a classical space of $n$ elements.
In pyGSTi, instruments are represented as collections of gates, one for each classical "outcome" of the instrument. This tutorial will demonstrate how to add instruments to GateSet
objects, compute probabilities using such GateSet
s, and ultimately perform tomography on them. We'll start with a few familiar imports:
import pygsti
from pygsti.construction import std1Q_XYI as std
import numpy as np
Next, we'll add an instrument to our "standard" gate set - a 1-qubit gate set containing $I$, $X(\pi/2)$, and $Y(\pi/2)$ gates. The ideal instrument will be named "Iz"
(all instrument names must begin with "I"
), and consist of perfect projectors onto the 0 and 1 states. Instead of labelling the associated outcomes "0" and "1", which might me most logical, we'll name them "p0" and "p1" so it's easier to distinguish them from the final POVM outcomes which are labelled "0" and "1".
#Make a copy so we don't modify the original
gs_target = std.gs_target.copy()
#Create and add the ideal instrument
E0 = gs_target.effects['0']
E1 = gs_target.effects['1']
# Alternate indexing that uses POVM label explicitly
# E0 = gs_target['Mdefault']['0'] # 'Mdefault' = POVM label, '0' = effect label
# E1 = gs_target['Mdefault']['1']
Gmz_plus = np.dot(E0,E0.T) #note effect vectors are stored as column vectors
Gmz_minus = np.dot(E1,E1.T)
gs_target['Iz'] = pygsti.obj.Instrument({'p0': Gmz_plus, 'p1': Gmz_minus})
#For later use, record the identity POVM vector
povm_ident = gs_target.effects['0'] + gs_target.effects['1']
In order to generate some simulated data later on, we'll now create a noisy version of gs_target
by depolarizing the state preparation, gates, and POVM, and also rotating the basis that is measured by the instrument and POVM.
gs_noisy = gs_target.depolarize(gate_noise=0.01, spam_noise=0.01)
gs_noisy.effects.depolarize(0.01) #because above call only depolarizes the state prep, not the POVMs
# add a rotation error to the POVM
Uerr = pygsti.rotation_gate_mx([0,0.02,0])
gs_noisy.effects['0'] = np.dot(gs_noisy.effects['0'].T,Uerr).T
gs_noisy.effects['1'] = povm_ident - gs_noisy.effects['0']
#Could also do this:
#E0 = np.dot(gs_noisy['Mdefault']['0'].T,Uerr).T
#E1 = povm_ident - E0
#gs_noisy['Mdefault'] = pygsti.obj.UnconstrainedPOVM({'0': E0, '1': E1})
# Use the same rotated effect vectors to "rotate" the instrument Iz too
E0 = gs_noisy.effects['0']
E1 = gs_noisy.effects['1']
Gmz_plus = np.dot(E0,E0.T)
Gmz_minus = np.dot(E1,E1.T)
gs_noisy['Iz'] = pygsti.obj.Instrument({'p0': Gmz_plus, 'p1': Gmz_minus})
#print(gs_noisy) #print the gate set
Instrument labels (e.g. "Iz"
) may be included within GateString
objects, and GateSet
objects are able to compute probabilities for them just like normal (non-instrument) gate sequences. The difference is that probabilities are labeled by tuples of instrument and POVM outcomes - referred to as "outcome tuples" - one for each instrument and one for the final POVM:
dict(gs_target.probs( pygsti.obj.GateString(('Gx','Iz')) ))
{('p0', '0'): 0.5000000000000003, ('p0', '1'): 0.0, ('p1', '0'): 0.0, ('p1', '1'): 0.4999999999999999}
dict(gs_target.probs( pygsti.obj.GateString(('Iz','Gx','Iz')) ))
{('p0', 'p0', '0'): 0.5000000000000006, ('p0', 'p0', '1'): 0.0, ('p0', 'p1', '0'): 0.0, ('p0', 'p1', '1'): 0.5000000000000001, ('p1', 'p0', '0'): 0.0, ('p1', 'p0', '1'): 0.0, ('p1', 'p1', '0'): 0.0, ('p1', 'p1', '1'): 0.0}
In fact, pyGSTi always labels probabilties using outcome tuples, it's just that in the non-instrument case they're always 1-tuples and by OutcomeLabelDict
magic can be treated as if they were just strings:
probs = gs_target.probs( pygsti.obj.GateString(('Gx',)) )
print("probs = ",dict(probs))
print("probs['0'] = ", probs['0']) #This works...
print("probs[('0',)] = ", probs[('0',)]) # and so does this.
probs = {('0',): 0.5000000000000002, ('1',): 0.4999999999999998} probs['0'] = 0.5000000000000002 probs[('0',)] = 0.5000000000000002
germs = std.germs
fiducials = std.fiducials
max_lengths = [1] # keep it simple & fast
lsgst_list = pygsti.construction.make_lsgst_experiment_list(
gs_noisy,fiducials,fiducials,germs,max_lengths)
#print("Gate sequences:")
#print(lsgst_list) #note that this contains LGST strings with "Iz"
#Create the DataSet
ds = pygsti.construction.generate_fake_data(gs_noisy,lsgst_list,1000,'multinomial',seed=2018)
#Write it to a text file to demonstrate the format:
pygsti.io.write_dataset("tutorial_files/intermediate_meas_dataset.txt",ds)
Notice the format of tutorial_files/intermediate_meas_dataset.txt, which includes a column for each distinct outcome tuple. Since not all experiments contain data for all outcome tuples, the "--"
is used as a placeholder. Now that the data is generated, we run LGST or LSGST just like we would for any other gateset:
#Run LGST
gs_lgst = pygsti.do_lgst(ds, fiducials,fiducials, gs_target)
#print(gs_lgst)
#Gauge optimize the result to the true data-generating gate set (gs_noisy),
# and compare. Mismatch is due to finite sample noise.
gs_lgst_opt = pygsti.gaugeopt_to_target(gs_lgst,gs_noisy)
print(gs_noisy.strdiff(gs_lgst_opt))
print("Frobdiff after GOpt = ",gs_noisy.frobeniusdist(gs_lgst_opt))
Gateset Difference: Preps: rho0 = 0.0255387 POVMs: Mdefault: 0 = 0.0239349 1 = 0.0240595 Gates: Gi = 0.0568781 Gx = 0.0362008 Gy = 0.019359 Instruments: Iz: p0 = 0.0395942 p1 = 0.0421229 Frobdiff after GOpt = 0.010460262459126953
Instruments just add parameters to a GateSet
like gates, state preparations, and POVMs do. The total number of parameters in our gate set is
$4$ (prep) + $2\times 4$ (2 effects) + $5\times 16$ (3 gates and 2 instrument members) $ = 92$.
gs_target.num_params()
92
#Run long sequence GST
results = pygsti.do_long_sequence_gst(ds,gs_target,fiducials,fiducials,germs,max_lengths)
--- Gate Sequence Creation --- 92 sequences created Dataset has 128 entries: 92 utilized, 0 requested sequences were missing --- LGST --- Singular values of I_tilde (truncating to first 4 of 6) = 4.2430046432495825 1.3666651737946685 1.3427966964003262 1.3248809311020768 0.051216988661696196 0.006501592893557497 Singular values of target I_tilde (truncating to first 4 of 6) = 4.242640687119285 1.4142135623730954 1.4142135623730947 1.4142135623730945 3.1723744950054595e-16 1.0852733691121267e-16 --- Iterative MLGST: Iter 1 of 1 92 gate strings ---: --- Minimum Chi^2 GST --- Sum of Chi^2 = 62.8775 (92 data params - 76 model params = expected mean of 16; p-value = 1.70187e-07) Completed in 0.5s 2*Delta(log(L)) = 62.621 Iteration 1 took 0.5s Switching to ML objective (last iteration) --- MLGST --- Maximum log(L) = 31.2619 below upper bound of -138546 2*Delta(log(L)) = 62.5239 (92 data params - 76 model params = expected mean of 16; p-value = 1.9553e-07) Completed in 0.2s 2*Delta(log(L)) = 62.5239 Final MLGST took 0.2s Iterative MLGST Total Time: 0.7s -- Adding Gauge Optimized (go0) -- --- Re-optimizing logl after robust data scaling --- --- MLGST --- Maximum log(L) = 31.2619 below upper bound of -138546 2*Delta(log(L)) = 62.5239 (92 data params - 76 model params = expected mean of 16; p-value = 1.9553e-07) Completed in 0.1s
/Users/enielse/research/pyGSTi/packages/pygsti/objects/estimate.py:531: UserWarning: Max-model params (92) <= gate set params (92)! Using k == 1.
-- Adding Gauge Optimized (go0) --
#Compare estimated gate set (after gauge opt) to data-generating one
gs_est = results.estimates['default'].gatesets['go0']
gs_est_opt = pygsti.gaugeopt_to_target(gs_est,gs_noisy)
print("Frobdiff after GOpt = ", gs_noisy.frobeniusdist(gs_est_opt))
Frobdiff after GOpt = 0.00786512348298174
The same analysis can be done for a trace-preserving gate set, whose instruments are constrained to add to a perfectly trace-preserving map. The number of parameters in the gate set are now:
$3$ (prep) + $1\times 4$ (effect and complement) + $3\times 12$ (3 gates) + $(2\times 16 - 3)$ (TP instrument) $ = 71$
gs_targetTP = gs_target.copy()
gs_targetTP.set_all_parameterizations("TP")
print("POVM type = ",type(gs_targetTP["Mdefault"])," Np=",gs_targetTP["Mdefault"].num_params())
print("Instrument type = ",type(gs_targetTP["Iz"])," Np=",gs_targetTP["Iz"].num_params())
print("Number of gateset parameters = ", gs_targetTP.num_params())
POVM type = <class 'pygsti.objects.povm.TPPOVM'> Np= 4 Instrument type = <class 'pygsti.objects.instrument.TPInstrument'> Np= 28 Number of gateset parameters = 71
resultsTP = pygsti.do_long_sequence_gst(ds,gs_targetTP,fiducials,fiducials,germs,max_lengths)
--- Gate Sequence Creation --- 92 sequences created Dataset has 128 entries: 92 utilized, 0 requested sequences were missing --- LGST --- Singular values of I_tilde (truncating to first 4 of 6) = 4.2430046432495825 1.3666651737946685 1.3427966964003262 1.3248809311020768 0.051216988661696196 0.006501592893557497 Singular values of target I_tilde (truncating to first 4 of 6) = 4.242640687119285 1.4142135623730954 1.4142135623730947 1.4142135623730945 3.1723744950054595e-16 1.0852733691121267e-16 --- Iterative MLGST: Iter 1 of 1 92 gate strings ---: --- Minimum Chi^2 GST --- Sum of Chi^2 = 63.8021 (92 data params - 63 model params = expected mean of 29; p-value = 0.000203148) Completed in 0.3s 2*Delta(log(L)) = 63.5719 Iteration 1 took 0.3s Switching to ML objective (last iteration) --- MLGST --- Maximum log(L) = 31.7448 below upper bound of -138546 2*Delta(log(L)) = 63.4897 (92 data params - 63 model params = expected mean of 29; p-value = 0.000222956) Completed in 0.2s 2*Delta(log(L)) = 63.4897 Final MLGST took 0.2s Iterative MLGST Total Time: 0.5s -- Adding Gauge Optimized (go0) -- --- Re-optimizing logl after robust data scaling --- --- MLGST --- Maximum log(L) = 31.7448 below upper bound of -138546 2*Delta(log(L)) = 63.4897 (92 data params - 63 model params = expected mean of 29; p-value = 0.000222956) Completed in 0.1s -- Adding Gauge Optimized (go0) --
#Again compare estimated gate set (after gauge opt) to data-generating one
gs_est = resultsTP.estimates['default'].gatesets['go0']
gs_est_opt = pygsti.gaugeopt_to_target(gs_est,gs_noisy)
print("Frobdiff after GOpt = ", gs_noisy.frobeniusdist(gs_est_opt))
Frobdiff after GOpt = 0.007726428319026917
Thats it! You've done tomography on a gate set with intermediate measurments (instruments).