## Syntactic elements¶

• A Haskell program (basically) consists of expressions and declarations

## Expressions¶

• Literals
• Arithmetic expressions
• Function applications
• Conditionals
• Identifiers (names)

## Declarations¶

• Bind expressions to names
• Use the operator =
• Top-level bindings
• Local bindings

# Expressions¶

## Literals¶

In [ ]:
42
"Arthur Dent"
[1, 2, 3]
(42, "fortytwo")

Evaluates to the value itself

## Arithmetic¶

In [ ]:
(1 + 2) * 3
3.14 * 2 * 17
3^2 + 4^2 == 5^2

Evaluates to the result of the operation

## Function invocation¶

In [ ]:
max 23 42
length [1, 2, 3]
triple 3

Evaluates to the function value returned

# Declarations¶

## Bind expressions¶

In [ ]:
crew = ["Kirk", "Spock", "McCoy"]
• Value 42 is bound to name answer
• List of crew members is bound to name crew
• Identifiers answer and crew can be used in other expression
• They evaluate to the bound values

## Bind functions¶

In [ ]:
triple x = x + x + x
hello name = "Hello " ++ name
• Functions of one parameter are bound to names triple and hello
• Functions triple and hello can be invoked in other expressions
• They evaluate to the computed function value

# Special expression syntax¶

## Conditional if expression¶

In [ ]:
x = 1
if x < 2 then "Smaller than two" else "Bigger than 2"

## if expression in a function declaration¶

In [ ]:
max a b = if a > b then a else b

# Function declaration¶

## 3 Examples¶

seven = 7
triple x = x + x + x
max a b = if a > b then a else b

## Components¶

• Function names (seven, triple, max)
• Zero or more function parameters (a, b, x)
• Function expression with identifiers bound to the function parameters

## Function and parameter names¶

• Consist of alpha-numeric characters only

# Function example¶

In [ ]:
3.141 * 5 * 5
3.141 * 42 * 42
3.141 * 17 * 17

## Try to abstract that into a function¶

In [ ]:
circleArea r = 3.141 * r ^ 2

# Recursive operations on lists¶

## Task: Calculate the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers¶

$$\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n}\left (\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}\right ) = \frac{x_1+x_2+\cdots +x_n}{n}$$

## The mean function¶

In [ ]:
mean list = totalSum list / count list

[Now implement count and totalSum]{.fragment}

# Recursive operations on lists¶

## The function count¶

In [ ]:
count list =
if null list
then 0
else 1 + count (tail list)

# Recursive operations on lists¶

## The function totalSum¶

In [ ]:
totalSum list =
if null list
then 0
else head list + totalSum (tail list)