by Marc Deisenroth
In this notebook, we will look at density modeling with Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). In Gaussian mixture models, we describe the density of the data as $$ p(\boldsymbol x) = \sum_{k=1}^K \pi_k \mathcal{N}(\boldsymbol x|\boldsymbol \mu_k, \boldsymbol \Sigma_k)\,,\quad \pi_k \geq 0\,,\quad \sum_{k=1}^K\pi_k = 1 $$
The goal of this notebook is to get a better understanding of GMMs and to write some code for training GMMs using the EM algorithm. We provide a code skeleton and mark the bits and pieces that you need to implement yourself.
# imports
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import multivariate_normal
import scipy.linalg as la
import matplotlib.cm as cm
from matplotlib import rc
import time
from IPython import display
%matplotlib inline
np.random.seed(42)
Set up the true GMM from which we will generate data.
# Choose a GMM with 3 components
# means
m = np.zeros((3,2))
m[0] = np.array([1.2, 0.4])
m[1] = np.array([-4.4, 1.0])
m[2] = np.array([4.1, -0.3])
# covariances
S = np.zeros((3,2,2))
S[0] = np.array([[0.8, -0.4], [-0.4, 1.0]])
S[1] = np.array([[1.2, -0.8], [-0.8, 1.0]])
S[2] = np.array([[1.2, 0.6], [0.6, 3.0]])
# mixture weights
w = np.array([0.3, 0.2, 0.5])
Generate some data
N_split = 200 # number of data points per mixture component
N = N_split*3 # total number of data points
x = []
y = []
for k in range(3):
x_tmp, y_tmp = np.random.multivariate_normal(m[k], S[k], N_split).T
x = np.hstack([x, x_tmp])
y = np.hstack([y, y_tmp])
data = np.vstack([x, y])
Visualization of the dataset
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-10,10,100), np.linspace(-10,10,100))
pos = np.dstack((X, Y))
mvn = multivariate_normal(m[0,:].ravel(), S[0,:,:])
xx = mvn.pdf(pos)
# plot the dataset
plt.figure()
plt.title("Mixture components")
plt.plot(x, y, 'ko', alpha=0.3)
plt.xlabel("$x_1$")
plt.ylabel("$x_2$")
# plot the individual components of the GMM
plt.plot(m[:,0], m[:,1], 'or')
for k in range(3):
mvn = multivariate_normal(m[k,:].ravel(), S[k,:,:])
xx = mvn.pdf(pos)
plt.contour(X, Y, xx, alpha = 1.0, zorder=10)
# plot the GMM
plt.figure()
plt.title("GMM")
plt.plot(x, y, 'ko', alpha=0.3)
plt.xlabel("$x_1$")
plt.ylabel("$x_2$")
# build the GMM
gmm = 0
for k in range(3):
mix_comp = multivariate_normal(m[k,:].ravel(), S[k,:,:])
gmm += w[k]*mix_comp.pdf(pos)
plt.contour(X, Y, gmm, alpha = 1.0, zorder=10);
K = 3 # number of clusters
means = np.zeros((K,2))
covs = np.zeros((K,2,2))
for k in range(K):
means[k] = np.random.normal(size=(2,))
covs[k] = np.eye(2)
weights = np.ones((K,1))/K
print("Initial mean vectors (one per row):\n" + str(means))
Initial mean vectors (one per row): [[ 0.1252245 -0.42940554] [ 0.1222975 0.54329803] [ 0.04886007 0.04059169]]
#EDIT THIS FUNCTION
NLL = [] # log-likelihood of the GMM
gmm_nll = 0
for k in range(K):
gmm_nll += weights[k]*multivariate_normal.pdf(mean=means[k,:], cov=covs[k,:,:], x=data.T)
NLL += [-np.sum(np.log(gmm_nll))]
plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y, 'ko', alpha=0.3)
plt.plot(means[:,0], means[:,1], 'oy', markersize=25)
for k in range(K):
rv = multivariate_normal(means[k,:], covs[k,:,:])
plt.contour(X, Y, rv.pdf(pos), alpha = 1.0, zorder=10)
plt.xlabel("$x_1$");
plt.ylabel("$x_2$");
First, we define the responsibilities (which are updated in the E-step), given the model parameters $\pi_k, \boldsymbol\mu_k, \boldsymbol\Sigma_k$ as $$ r_{nk} := \frac{\pi_k\mathcal N(\boldsymbol x_n|\boldsymbol\mu_k,\boldsymbol\Sigma_k)}{\sum_{j=1}^K\pi_j\mathcal N(\boldsymbol x_n|\boldsymbol \mu_j,\boldsymbol\Sigma_j)} $$
Given the responsibilities we just defined, we can update the model parameters in the M-step as follows: \begin{align*} \boldsymbol\mu_k^\text{new} &= \frac{1}{N_k}\sum_{n = 1}^Nr_{nk}\boldsymbol x_n\,,\\ \boldsymbol\Sigma_k^\text{new}&= \frac{1}{N_k}\sum_{n=1}^Nr_{nk}(\boldsymbol x_n-\boldsymbol\mu_k)(\boldsymbol x_n-\boldsymbol\mu_k)^\top\,,\\ \pi_k^\text{new} &= \frac{N_k}{N} \end{align*} where $$ N_k := \sum_{n=1}^N r_{nk} $$
#EDIT THIS FUNCTION
r = np.zeros((K,N)) # will store the responsibilities
for em_iter in range(100):
means_old = means.copy()
# E-step: update responsibilities
for k in range(K):
r[k] = weights[k]*multivariate_normal.pdf(mean=means[k,:], cov=covs[k,:,:], x=data.T)
r = r/np.sum(r, axis=0)
# M-step
N_k = np.sum(r, axis=1)
for k in range(K):
# update means
means[k] = np.sum(r[k]*data, axis=1)/N_k[k]
# update covariances
diff = data - means[k:k+1].T
_tmp = np.sqrt(r[k:k+1])*diff
covs[k] = np.inner(_tmp, _tmp)/N_k[k]
# weights
weights = N_k/N
# log-likelihood
gmm_nll = 0
for k in range(K):
gmm_nll += weights[k]*multivariate_normal.pdf(mean=means[k,:].ravel(), cov=covs[k,:,:], x=data.T)
NLL += [-np.sum(np.log(gmm_nll))]
plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y, 'ko', alpha=0.3)
plt.plot(means[:,0], means[:,1], 'oy', markersize=25)
for k in range(K):
rv = multivariate_normal(means[k,:], covs[k])
plt.contour(X, Y, rv.pdf(pos), alpha = 1.0, zorder=10)
plt.xlabel("$x_1$")
plt.ylabel("$x_2$")
plt.text(x=3.5, y=8, s="EM iteration "+str(em_iter+1))
if la.norm(NLL[em_iter+1]-NLL[em_iter]) < 1e-6:
print("Converged after iteration ", em_iter+1)
break
# plot final the mixture model
plt.figure()
gmm = 0
for k in range(3):
mix_comp = multivariate_normal(means[k,:].ravel(), covs[k,:,:])
gmm += weights[k]*mix_comp.pdf(pos)
plt.plot(x, y, 'ko', alpha=0.3)
plt.contour(X, Y, gmm, alpha = 1.0, zorder=10)
plt.xlim([-8,8]);
plt.ylim([-6,6]);
/Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:34: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`). /Applications/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:50: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`).
Converged after iteration 89
plt.figure()
plt.semilogy(np.linspace(1,len(NLL), len(NLL)), NLL)
plt.xlabel("EM iteration");
plt.ylabel("Negative log-likelihood");
idx = [0, 1, 9, em_iter+1]
for i in idx:
plt.plot(i+1, NLL[i], 'or')