Cointegration Example in time series¶
Example 3.1 from the book "Likelihood-Based-Inference-Cointegrated-Autoregressive-Econometrics"
In [4]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
from statsmodels.tsa.stattools import adfuller
from statsmodels.tsa.vector_ar.vecm import coint_johansen
from statsmodels.tsa.vector_ar.var_model import VAR
%pylab inline
pylab.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (18.0, 8.0)
Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib
In [8]:
mu, sigma = 0, 1 # mean and standard deviation
n = 10000
s1 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, n)
s2 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, n)
s3 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, n)
In [9]:
s = s1
plt.figure(1)
plt.subplot(121)
plt.plot(s)
plt.subplot(122)
plt.hist(s, 30, normed=True)
plt.show()
/Users/parce/miniconda2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py:6571: UserWarning: The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been replaced by the 'density' kwarg.
warnings.warn("The 'normed' kwarg is deprecated, and has been "
In [10]:
a = 0.5
x_1t = np.cumsum(s1)+s2
x_2t = a*np.cumsum(s1)+s3
x_3t = s3
todays_date = datetime.datetime.now().date()
index = pd.date_range(todays_date-datetime.timedelta(10), periods=n, freq='D')
y = pd.DataFrame(index=index, data={'col1': x_1t, 'col2': x_2t, 'col3':x_3t} )
y.plot()
Out[10]:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1c1c8efed0>
Augmented Dickey Fuller test¶
In [11]:
def ADF(v, crit='5%', max_d=6, reg='nc', autolag='AIC'):
""" Augmented Dickey Fuller test
Parameters
----------
v: ndarray matrix
residuals matrix
Returns
-------
bool: boolean
true if v pass the test
"""
boolean = False
adf = adfuller(v, max_d, reg, autolag)
print adf
if(adf[0] < adf[4][crit]):
pass
else:
boolean = True
return boolean
Testing Unit root¶
In [12]:
print ADF(x_1t) # unit root hypothesis can't be rejected
print ADF(np.diff(x_1t))
print ADF(x_2t) # unit root hypothesis can't be rejected
print ADF(np.diff(x_2t))
print ADF(x_3t) # unit root hypothesis is rejected at the 95 per cent level -> I(0)
(-0.23962125130354625, 0.5991099128201325, 4, 9995, {'5%': -1.9410269070891237, '1%': -2.5659637281522203, '10%': -1.616793453855115}, 37946.65027286696)
True
(-59.54155885780457, 0.0, 3, 9995, {'5%': -1.9410269070891237, '1%': -2.5659637281522203, '10%': -1.616793453855115}, 37941.69118115047)
False
(-0.2742947693653647, 0.5859463925187636, 6, 9993, {'5%': -1.9410269124810415, '1%': -2.5659637729364624, '10%': -1.616793448547595}, 33228.57440813983)
True
(-54.61893871337582, 0.0, 5, 9993, {'5%': -1.9410269124810415, '1%': -2.5659637729364624, '10%': -1.616793448547595}, 33224.27649896928)
False
(-49.742541122452316, 0.0, 3, 9996, {'5%': -1.941026904393975, '1%': -2.5659637057668205, '10%': -1.6167934565080793}, 28315.50221985501)
False
Johansen function¶
In [13]:
def get_johansen(y, p):
"""
Get the cointegration vectors at 95% level of significance
given by the trace statistic test.
"""
N, l = y.shape
jres = coint_johansen(y, 0, p)
trstat = jres.lr1 # trace statistic
tsignf = jres.cvt # critical values
for i in range(l):
if trstat[i] > tsignf[i, 1]: # 0: 90% 1:95% 2: 99%
r = i + 1
jres.r = r
jres.evecr = jres.evec[:, :r]
return jres
In [14]:
p=1
jres=get_johansen(y,p)
print "There are ", jres.r, "cointegration vectors"
v1=jres.evecr[:,0]
v2=jres.evecr[:,1]
print v1
print v2
v3=jres.evec[:,2] # v3 is not a cointegration vector
There are 3 cointegration vectors [ 1.05728147 -2.11412953 3.05472586] [-0.9335791 1.86770899 -0.80576579]
Even though we were expecting [0.5 -1 0] y [0 0 1] these vectors are in the same vector space. If we divide every vector by their second component we will get some similar results.
In [15]:
v1/-v1[1]
Out[15]:
array([ 0.5001025, -1. , 1.4449095])
In [16]:
v2/-v2[1]
Out[16]:
array([ 0.49985255, -1. , 0.43141935])
In [17]:
# If we apply vector v1 we get a I(0) time series
plot(np.dot(y.as_matrix(),v1))
/Users/parce/miniconda2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:2: FutureWarning: Method .as_matrix will be removed in a future version. Use .values instead.
Out[17]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x1c2028f6d0>]
In [18]:
# If we apply vector v2 we get a I(0) time series
plot(np.dot(y.as_matrix(),v2))
/Users/parce/miniconda2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:2: FutureWarning: Method .as_matrix will be removed in a future version. Use .values instead.
Out[18]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x1c2151a110>]
In [19]:
# If we apply vector v3 we won't get a I(0) time series since it's not a cointegration vector.
plot(np.dot(y.as_matrix(),v3))
/Users/parce/miniconda2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:2: FutureWarning: Method .as_matrix will be removed in a future version. Use .values instead.
Out[19]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x1c21609550>]
