Notebook

import import¶

dive into Python import statement

Konrad Hałas (@konradhalas)

Few words about me¶

PyWaw co-organizer
developer in SUNSCRAPERS
MutPy author

Agenda¶

presentation purpose
basic info
syntax history
inside machinery
best practices
common problems

Presentation purpose¶

understand how import statement works
learn how to override standard import behavior
prepare to meet with "magic" import code in other projects
do it well and avoid problems

What is purpose of import statement?¶

it allows to use code from other modules
it allows to split code into multiple modules

What does import statement do?¶

find a module
initialize it if necessary
define a name or names in the local namespace

Syntax history¶

Python 1.0.0 - 1994¶

    import_stmt:  "import" identifier ("," identifier)*
                  | "from" identifier "import" identifier ("," identifier)*
                  | "from" identifier "import" "*"

Python 1.5.0 - 1997¶

    
    import_stmt:  "import" module ("," module)* 
                  | "from" module "import" identifier ("," identifier)*
                  | "from" module "import" "*" 
    module:       (identifier ".")* identifier

Python 2.0.0 - 2000¶

    import_stmt:  "import" module ["as" name] ("," module ["as" name] )* 
                  | "from" module "import" identifier ["as" name]
                  ("," identifier ["as" name] )*
                  | "from" module "import" "*" 
    module:       (identifier ".")* identifier

Python 2.5.0 - 2006¶

    import_stmt:       "import" module ["as" name] ( "," module ["as" name] )*
                       | "from" relative_module "import" identifier ["as" name]
                       ( "," identifier ["as" name] )*
                       | "from" relative_module "import" "(" identifier ["as" name]
                       ( "," identifier ["as" name] )* [","] ")"
                       | "from" module "import" "*"
    module :           (identifier ".")* identifier
    relative_module :  "."* module | "."+
    name :             identifier

import statement machinery¶

defined in PEP 302 ("New Import Hooks")
introduced in Python 2.3 (2003)
complete integration in Python 3.3 (2012)

Let's start...¶

Machinery structures¶

sys.modules
sys.meta_path
sys.path
sys.path_hooks
sys.path_importer_cache

`sys.modules`¶

This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have already been loaded.

In [1]:

import sys

sys.modules

Out[1]:

{'IPython': <module 'IPython' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.config': <module 'IPython.config' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/config/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.config.application': <module 'IPython.config.application' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/config/application.py'>,
 'IPython.config.configurable': <module 'IPython.config.configurable' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/config/configurable.py'>,
 'IPython.config.loader': <module 'IPython.config.loader' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/config/loader.py'>,
 'IPython.core': <module 'IPython.core' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core.alias': <module 'IPython.core.alias' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/alias.py'>,
 'IPython.core.application': <module 'IPython.core.application' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/application.py'>,
 'IPython.core.autocall': <module 'IPython.core.autocall' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/autocall.py'>,
 'IPython.core.builtin_trap': <module 'IPython.core.builtin_trap' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/builtin_trap.py'>,
 'IPython.core.compilerop': <module 'IPython.core.compilerop' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/compilerop.py'>,
 'IPython.core.completer': <module 'IPython.core.completer' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/completer.py'>,
 'IPython.core.completerlib': <module 'IPython.core.completerlib' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/completerlib.py'>,
 'IPython.core.crashhandler': <module 'IPython.core.crashhandler' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/crashhandler.py'>,
 'IPython.core.debugger': <module 'IPython.core.debugger' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/debugger.py'>,
 'IPython.core.display': <module 'IPython.core.display' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/display.py'>,
 'IPython.core.display_trap': <module 'IPython.core.display_trap' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/display_trap.py'>,
 'IPython.core.displayhook': <module 'IPython.core.displayhook' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/displayhook.py'>,
 'IPython.core.displaypub': <module 'IPython.core.displaypub' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/displaypub.py'>,
 'IPython.core.error': <module 'IPython.core.error' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/error.py'>,
 'IPython.core.excolors': <module 'IPython.core.excolors' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/excolors.py'>,
 'IPython.core.extensions': <module 'IPython.core.extensions' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/extensions.py'>,
 'IPython.core.fakemodule': <module 'IPython.core.fakemodule' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/fakemodule.py'>,
 'IPython.core.formatters': <module 'IPython.core.formatters' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py'>,
 'IPython.core.getipython': <module 'IPython.core.getipython' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/getipython.py'>,
 'IPython.core.history': <module 'IPython.core.history' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/history.py'>,
 'IPython.core.hooks': <module 'IPython.core.hooks' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/hooks.py'>,
 'IPython.core.inputsplitter': <module 'IPython.core.inputsplitter' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/inputsplitter.py'>,
 'IPython.core.inputtransformer': <module 'IPython.core.inputtransformer' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/inputtransformer.py'>,
 'IPython.core.interactiveshell': <module 'IPython.core.interactiveshell' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py'>,
 'IPython.core.logger': <module 'IPython.core.logger' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/logger.py'>,
 'IPython.core.macro': <module 'IPython.core.macro' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/macro.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magic': <module 'IPython.core.magic' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magic_arguments': <module 'IPython.core.magic_arguments' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magic_arguments.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics': <module 'IPython.core.magics' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.auto': <module 'IPython.core.magics.auto' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/auto.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.basic': <module 'IPython.core.magics.basic' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/basic.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.code': <module 'IPython.core.magics.code' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/code.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.config': <module 'IPython.core.magics.config' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/config.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.deprecated': <module 'IPython.core.magics.deprecated' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/deprecated.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.display': <module 'IPython.core.magics.display' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/display.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.execution': <module 'IPython.core.magics.execution' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.extension': <module 'IPython.core.magics.extension' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/extension.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.history': <module 'IPython.core.magics.history' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/history.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.logging': <module 'IPython.core.magics.logging' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/logging.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.namespace': <module 'IPython.core.magics.namespace' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/namespace.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.osm': <module 'IPython.core.magics.osm' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/osm.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.pylab': <module 'IPython.core.magics.pylab' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/pylab.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.script': <module 'IPython.core.magics.script' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py'>,
 'IPython.core.oinspect': <module 'IPython.core.oinspect' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/oinspect.py'>,
 'IPython.core.page': <module 'IPython.core.page' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/page.py'>,
 'IPython.core.payload': <module 'IPython.core.payload' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/payload.py'>,
 'IPython.core.payloadpage': <module 'IPython.core.payloadpage' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/payloadpage.py'>,
 'IPython.core.prefilter': <module 'IPython.core.prefilter' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/prefilter.py'>,
 'IPython.core.profiledir': <module 'IPython.core.profiledir' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/profiledir.py'>,
 'IPython.core.prompts': <module 'IPython.core.prompts' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/prompts.py'>,
 'IPython.core.pylabtools': <module 'IPython.core.pylabtools' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py'>,
 'IPython.core.release': <module 'IPython.core.release' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/release.py'>,
 'IPython.core.shadowns': <module 'IPython.core.shadowns' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/shadowns.py'>,
 'IPython.core.shellapp': <module 'IPython.core.shellapp' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/shellapp.py'>,
 'IPython.core.splitinput': <module 'IPython.core.splitinput' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/splitinput.py'>,
 'IPython.core.ultratb': <module 'IPython.core.ultratb' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/ultratb.py'>,
 'IPython.core.usage': <module 'IPython.core.usage' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/usage.py'>,
 'IPython.display': <module 'IPython.display' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/display.py'>,
 'IPython.extensions': <module 'IPython.extensions' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/extensions/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.extensions.storemagic': <module 'IPython.extensions.storemagic' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/extensions/storemagic.py'>,
 'IPython.external': <module 'IPython.external' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.argparse': <module 'IPython.external.argparse' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/argparse/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.decorator': <module 'IPython.external.decorator' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/decorator/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.decorator._decorator': <module 'IPython.external.decorator._decorator' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/decorator/_decorator.py'>,
 'IPython.external.path': <module 'IPython.external.path' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/path/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.path._path': <module 'IPython.external.path._path' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/path/_path.py'>,
 'IPython.external.pexpect': <module 'IPython.external.pexpect' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/pexpect/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.pexpect._pexpect': <module 'IPython.external.pexpect._pexpect' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/pexpect/_pexpect.py'>,
 'IPython.external.simplegeneric': <module 'IPython.external.simplegeneric' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/simplegeneric/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.simplegeneric._simplegeneric': <module 'IPython.external.simplegeneric._simplegeneric' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/simplegeneric/_simplegeneric.py'>,
 'IPython.external.ssh': <module 'IPython.external.ssh' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/ssh/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.external.ssh.tunnel': <module 'IPython.external.ssh.tunnel' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/ssh/tunnel.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel': <module 'IPython.kernel' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.blocking': <module 'IPython.kernel.blocking' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/blocking/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.blocking.channels': <module 'IPython.kernel.blocking.channels' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/blocking/channels.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.blocking.client': <module 'IPython.kernel.blocking.client' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/blocking/client.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.channels': <module 'IPython.kernel.channels' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/channels.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.channelsabc': <module 'IPython.kernel.channelsabc' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/channelsabc.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.client': <module 'IPython.kernel.client' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/client.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.clientabc': <module 'IPython.kernel.clientabc' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/clientabc.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.connect': <module 'IPython.kernel.connect' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/connect.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.inprocess': <module 'IPython.kernel.inprocess' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.blocking': <module 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.blocking' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess/blocking.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.channels': <module 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.channels' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess/channels.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.client': <module 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.client' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess/client.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.manager': <module 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.manager' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess/manager.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.socket': <module 'IPython.kernel.inprocess.socket' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess/socket.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.launcher': <module 'IPython.kernel.launcher' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/launcher.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.manager': <module 'IPython.kernel.manager' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/manager.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.managerabc': <module 'IPython.kernel.managerabc' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/managerabc.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.multikernelmanager': <module 'IPython.kernel.multikernelmanager' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/multikernelmanager.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.datapub': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.datapub' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/datapub.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.displayhook': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.displayhook' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/displayhook.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.heartbeat': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.heartbeat' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/heartbeat.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.iostream': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.iostream' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/iostream.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.ipkernel': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.ipkernel' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/ipkernel.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.kernelapp': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.kernelapp' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/kernelapp.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.parentpoller': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.parentpoller' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/parentpoller.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.serialize': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.serialize' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/serialize.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.session': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.session' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/session.py'>,
 'IPython.kernel.zmq.zmqshell': <module 'IPython.kernel.zmq.zmqshell' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq/zmqshell.py'>,
 'IPython.lib': <module 'IPython.lib' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/lib/__init__.py'>,
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 'zmq.sugar.socket': <module 'zmq.sugar.socket' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/sugar/socket.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.tracker': <module 'zmq.sugar.tracker' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/sugar/tracker.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.version': <module 'zmq.sugar.version' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/sugar/version.py'>,
 'zmq.utils': <module 'zmq.utils' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/utils/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.utils.initthreads': <module 'zmq.utils.initthreads' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/utils/initthreads.so'>,
 'zmq.utils.jsonapi': <module 'zmq.utils.jsonapi' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/utils/jsonapi.py'>,
 'zmq.utils.strtypes': <module 'zmq.utils.strtypes' from '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/utils/strtypes.py'>}

`sys.meta_path`¶

A list of finder objects that have their find_module() methods called to see if one of the objects can find the module to be imported.

In [2]:

sys.meta_path

Out[2]:

[_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter,
 _frozen_importlib.FrozenImporter,
 _frozen_importlib.PathFinder]

Module finder¶

it must implement find_module(fullname, paths=None) method
- fullname - fully qualified name of the module
- paths - list of paths
it should return a loader object if the module was found, or None if it wasn't

`DummyFinder` - example¶

In [3]:

class DummyFinder:
    
    def find_module(self, fullname, paths=None):
        print('find_module - fullname: {}, paths: {}'.format(fullname, paths))
        return None
        
sys.meta_path.insert(0, DummyFinder())

In [4]:

sys.path.append('./workspace/')

In [5]:

import eggs

find_module - fullname: eggs, paths: None

In [6]:

from spam import bacon

find_module - fullname: spam, paths: None
find_module - fullname: spam.bacon, paths: ['./workspace/spam']

In [7]:

del sys.modules['spam']
del sys.modules['spam.bacon']

In [8]:

import spam.bacon

find_module - fullname: spam, paths: None
find_module - fullname: spam.bacon, paths: ['./workspace/spam']

In [9]:

'eggs' in sys.modules

Out[9]:

True

In [10]:

'spam' in sys.modules

Out[10]:

True

In [11]:

'spam.bacon' in sys.modules

Out[11]:

True

In [12]:

del sys.meta_path[0]
del sys.modules['eggs']
del sys.modules['spam']
del sys.modules['spam.bacon']

Module finder should return a module loader object¶

Module loader¶

loader is typically returned by a finder
it must define load_module(fullname) method
this method should return the loaded module or raise ImportError exception

`DummyLoader` - example¶

In [13]:

class DummyFinder:
    
    def find_module(self, fullname, paths=None):
        print('find_module - fullname: {}, paths: {}'.format(fullname, paths))
        if fullname == 'eggs':
            return DummyLoader()
        else:
            return None
        
class DummyLoader:
    
    def load_module(self, fullname):
        print('load_module - fullname: {}'.format(fullname))
        raise ImportError('spam spam spam')
        
sys.meta_path.insert(0, DummyFinder())

In [14]:

import eggs

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ImportError                               Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-5de045e19dc5> in <module>()
----> 1 import eggs

<ipython-input-13-96b35398c59f> in load_module(self, fullname)
     12     def load_module(self, fullname):
     13         print('load_module - fullname: {}'.format(fullname))
---> 14         raise ImportError('spam spam spam')
     15 
     16 sys.meta_path.insert(0, DummyFinder())

ImportError: spam spam spam

find_module - fullname: eggs, paths: None
load_module - fullname: eggs

In [15]:

del sys.meta_path[0]

find_module - fullname: zmq.core.zmq, paths: ['/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/core']
find_module - fullname: zmq.core.zmq, paths: ['/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/core']

`finder + loader == importer`¶

In [16]:

class DummyImporter:
    
    def find_module(self, fullname, paths=None):
        print('find_module - fullname: {}, paths: {}'.format(fullname, paths))
        if fullname == 'eggs':
            return self
        else:
            return None
    
    def load_module(self, fullname):
        print('load_module - fullname: {}'.format(fullname))
        raise ImportError('spam spam spam')
        
sys.meta_path.insert(0, DummyImporter())

In [17]:

del sys.meta_path[0]

`load_module` method responsibilities¶

it must create empty module and add it to sys.modules or use existing one
it may set the __file__ attribute of the module
it may set the __name__ attribute of the module
if the module is a package, it must set the module __path__ attribute
it must set the module __loader__ attribute
it may set the __package__ attribute of the module
if the module is a Python module, it should execute the module’s code
it must return created module

`DynamicImporter` - example¶

In [18]:

import types

class DynamicImporter:

    def __init__(self, name, code):
        self.name = name
        self.code = code

    def find_module(self, name, path):
        if name == self.name:
            return self
        else:
            return None

    def load_module(self, name):
        if name in sys.modules:
            module = sys.modules[name]
        else:
            module = types.ModuleType(name)
            sys.modules[name] = module
        module.__loader__ = self
        exec(self.code, module.__dict__)
        return module

In [19]:

sys.meta_path.insert(0, DynamicImporter(name='spam', code='eggs = True'))

import spam

print(spam.eggs)

True

In [20]:

del sys.meta_path[0]

Circular dependency example¶

# a.py

import b

X = 1

# b.py

import a

print(a.X)

In [21]:

import a

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-21-370c047e3c7f> in <module>()
----> 1 import a

/Users/konradhalas/dev/workspace/personal/import_import_presentation/workspace/a.py in <module>()
----> 1 import b
      2 
      3 X = 1

/Users/konradhalas/dev/workspace/personal/import_import_presentation/workspace/b.py in <module>()
      1 import a
      2 
----> 3 print(a.X)

AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'X'

Circular dependency solution¶

merge modules
extract common artefacts
defer import (put it into method body)

How "normal" `import` works?¶

In [22]:

sys.meta_path

Out[22]:

[_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter,
 _frozen_importlib.FrozenImporter,
 _frozen_importlib.PathFinder]

Machinery structures¶

sys.modules
sys.meta_path
sys.path
sys.path_hooks
sys.path_importer_cache

`PathFinder` - path based finder¶

iterates over sys.path
for each path entry in sys.path iterates over every callable in sys.path_hooks
each of the path entry hooks in sys.path_hooks is called with a single argument - path
path entry hook should return path entry finder or raise ImportError
returend path entry finder is cached in sys.path_importer_cache
call find_loader method on returned path entry finder with a single argument - fully qualified module name
this method should return loader (and namespace portion) or raise ImportError

In [23]:

sys.path_hooks

Out[23]:

[zipimport.zipimporter, <function _frozen_importlib.path_hook_for_FileFinder>]

In [24]:

sys.path_importer_cache

Out[24]:

{'.': FileFinder('.'),
 './workspace/': FileFinder('./workspace/'),
 './workspace/spam': FileFinder('./workspace/spam'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/.ipython/extensions': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/.ipython/extensions'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/collections': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/collections'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/encodings': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/encodings'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/lib-dynload': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/lib-dynload'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/plat-darwin': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python3.3/plat-darwin'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/bin/../lib/python33.zip': None,
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/importlib': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/importlib'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/lib-dynload': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/lib-dynload'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/plat-darwin': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/plat-darwin'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/config': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/config'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/core/magics'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/extensions': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/extensions'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/decorator': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/decorator'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/path': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/path'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/pexpect': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/pexpect'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/simplegeneric': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/simplegeneric'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/ssh': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/external/ssh'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/blocking': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/blocking'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/inprocess'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/kernel/zmq'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/lib': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/lib'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/terminal': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/terminal'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/testing': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/testing'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/utils': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/IPython/utils'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/distribute-0.6.31-py3.3.egg': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/distribute-0.6.31-py3.3.egg'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/pip-1.2.1-py3.3.egg': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/pip-1.2.1-py3.3.egg'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/tornado': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/tornado'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/tornado/platform': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/tornado/platform'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/core': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/core'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/devices': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/devices'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/eventloop': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/eventloop'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/minitornado': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/minitornado'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/sugar': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/sugar'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/utils': FileFinder('/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python3.3/site-packages/zmq/utils'),
 '/Users/konradhalas/dev/virtualenvs/import_import/lib/python33.zip': None,
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/concurrent': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/concurrent'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/concurrent/futures': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/concurrent/futures'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/ctypes': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/ctypes'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/ctypes/macholib': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/ctypes/macholib'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/distutils': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/distutils'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/html': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/html'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/json': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/json'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/logging': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/logging'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/multiprocessing': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/multiprocessing'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/plat-darwin': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/plat-darwin'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/sqlite3': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/sqlite3'),
 '/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/urllib': FileFinder('/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.3.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.3/lib/python3.3/urllib')}

In [25]:

def http_path_entry_hook(path):
    if path.startswith('http://') or path.startswith('https://'):
        return HttpPathEntryFinder(path)
    else:
        raise ImportError()

In [26]:

import requests

class HttpPathEntryFinder:

    def __init__(self, path):
        self.path = path

    def find_loader(self, name):
        url = self.path + name + '.py'
        if requests.head(url).status_code == 200:
            return HttpLoader(url), None
        else:
            raise ImportError()

In [27]:

class HttpLoader:

    def __init__(self, url):
        self.url = url

    def load_module(self, name):
        if name in sys.modules:
            module = sys.modules[name]
        else:
            module = types.ModuleType(name)
            sys.modules[name] = module
        module.__loader__ = self
        module.__file__ = self.url
        response = requests.get(self.url)
        exec(response.content, module.__dict__)
        return module

In [28]:

sys.path_hooks.insert(0, http_path_entry_hook)
sys.path.append('https://raw.github.com/jcrocholl/pep8/master/')

In [29]:

import pep8

In [30]:

pep8

Out[30]:

<module 'pep8' from 'https://raw.github.com/jcrocholl/pep8/master/pep8.py'>

In [31]:

pep8.Checker(lines=['x  +  y\n']).check_all()

stdin:1:2: E221 multiple spaces before operator
stdin:1:5: E222 multiple spaces after operator

Out[31]:

In [32]:

del sys.path[-1]
del sys.path_hooks[0]
del sys.modules['pep8']

Good import practices¶

put all imports at the top of the file
divide imports into 3 sections by blank lines:
- Python modules
- third-party modules
- your modules
put two blank lines after last section
each section should be sorted alphabetically
only one import should be on each line
avoid star imports
don't import single artefact, import whole module
use relative imports if you can
avoid from-import-as
do not hack __init__.py

Bad example¶

import requests, ast
from xml import *
from json import dump
from spam import eggs  # current package
from os import path as os_path
X = 1

Good example¶

import ast
import json
import os.path
from xml import sax

import requests

from . import eggs


X = 1

Not covered topics¶

importlib and imp module
namespace packages
BuiltinImporter and FrozenImporter

Summary¶

you could do magic with import statement
import machinery is quite complicated, but also reasonable
follow good practices
don't do that at home

Thank you!¶

Q&A

Presentation source code: bitbucket.org/khalas/import_import_presentation

`reload` function¶

<= Python 2.7 - reload (builtin function)
<= Python 3.3 - imp.reload
>= Python 3.4 - importlib.reload

import import¶

Few words about me¶

Agenda¶

Presentation purpose¶

What is purpose of import statement?¶

What does import statement do?¶

Syntax history¶

Python 1.0.0 - 1994¶

Python 1.5.0 - 1997¶

Python 2.0.0 - 2000¶

Python 2.5.0 - 2006¶

import statement machinery¶

Let's start...¶

Machinery structures¶

sys.modules¶

sys.meta_path¶

Module finder¶

DummyFinder - example¶

Module finder should return a module loader object¶

Module loader¶

DummyLoader - example¶

finder + loader == importer¶

load_module method responsibilities¶

DynamicImporter - example¶

Circular dependency example¶

Circular dependency solution¶

How "normal" import works?¶

Machinery structures¶

PathFinder - path based finder¶

Good import practices¶

Bad example¶

Good example¶

Not covered topics¶

Summary¶

Thank you!¶

reload function¶

`sys.modules`¶

`sys.meta_path`¶

`DummyFinder` - example¶

`DummyLoader` - example¶

`finder + loader == importer`¶

`load_module` method responsibilities¶

`DynamicImporter` - example¶

How "normal" `import` works?¶

`PathFinder` - path based finder¶

`reload` function¶