from IPython.display import Image
This chapter provides an overview of the scientific and computational context in which the book is framed. First, we will explore debates around Open Science, its origins, and how the computational community is responding to these. In particular, we will discuss computational notebooks, open-source packages, and reproducible platforms. Having covered the conceptual background, we will turn to a practical introduction of the key infrastructure that makes up this book: Jupyter Notebooks and JupyterLab, Python packages, and a containerised platform to run the book.
The term Open Science has grown in popularity in recent years. Although it is used in a variety of contexts with slightly different meanings, a general sense of the intuition behind Open Science is the understanding that the scientific process, at its core, is meant to be transparent and accessible. In this context, the focus on openess is not to be seen as an "add-on" that changes the general approach only cosmetically, but as a key component of what makes science Science. Indeed the scientific process, understood as one where we "build on the shoulders of Giants" and progress through dialectic, can only work properly is there is enough transparency and accessibility that the community can access and study both results and the process that created them.
To better understand the argument behind modern Open Science, it is useful
to take a historical perspective. The idea of openness was engrained at the
core of early scientists. In fact that was one of the key differentials with
their contemporary "alchemists" which, in many respects, were working on
similar topics albeit in a much more opaque way {cite}Nielsen_2020
. Scientists
would record the field or lab experiments on paper notebooks or diaries,
providing enough detail to, first, remember what they had done and how they
had arrived at their results, but also to ensure other members of the
scientific community could study, understand, and replicate their findings.
One of the most famous of these annotations are Galileo's drawings of Jupiter (source) and the Medicean stars:
url = ("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/"\
"commons/c/ca/Medicean_Stars.png")
Image(url)
There is a growing perception that much of the original ethos of Science to
operate through transparency and accessibility has been lost. A series of
recent big profile scandals have even prompted some to call it a state of
crisis {cite}Ioannidis_2007
. This "crisis" arises because the analyses that scientists conduct
are difficult to repeat, let alone understand. Both article length and publication
volume has grown immensely since the early days of science, and this has
affected our ability to understand our literature as a whole.
Why is there a sense that Science is no longer open and transparent in the way Galileo's diaries were? Although certinaly not the only or even the most important one, technology plays a role. The process and workflow of original scientists relied on a set of "analog" technologies for which an "analog" parallel set of tools was developed to keep track and document progress. Hence the paper notebooks where biologists drew species, or chemists painstakingly detailed each step they took in the lab. In the case of social sciences, this was probably easier in the sense that quantitative data was not abundant and much of the analysis relied either on math or small datasets which could be directly documented in the original publications.
However Science has evolved a great deal since then, and much of the experimental workflow is dominated by a variety of machinery, most prominently by computers. Most of the Science done today, at some point in the process, takes the form of operations mediated through software programs. In this context, the traditional approach of writing down in a paper notebook every step followed becomes dislocated from the medium in which most of the scientific work takes place.
The current state of Science in terms of transparency and openness is prompting
for action {cite}Rey_2009
. On the back of these debates, the term
"reproducibility" is also gaining traction. Again, this is a rather general
term but, in one variant or another, its definition alludes to the need of
scientific results to be accompanied by enough information and detail so they
could be repeated by a third party. Since much of modern science is mediated
through computers, reproducibility thus poses important challenges for the
tools and practices the scientific community builds and relies on. Although
there is a variety of approaches, in this book we focus on what we see as the
emerging consensus. This framework enables to record and express entire
workflows in a way that is both transparent and that fosters efficiency and
collaboration.
We structure our approach to reproducibility in three main layers that build on each other. At the top of this "stack" are computational notebooks; supporting the code written in notebooks are open source packages; and making possible to transfer computations across different hardware devices and/or architectures are what we term reproducible platforms. Let us delve into each of them with a bit more detail before we practically show how this book is built on this infrastructure (and how you too can reproduce it at home!).
Computational notebooks are the XXIst Century sibling of Galileo's notebooks. Like their predecessors, they allow researchers, (data) scientists, and computational practitioners to record their practices and steps taken as they are going about their work; unlike the pen and paper approach, computational notebooks are fully integrated in the technological paradigm in which research and computation takes place today. For these reasons, they are rapidly becoming the modern-day version of the traditional academic paper, the main vehicle on which (computational) knowledge is created, shared, and consumed. Computational notebooks (or notebooks, from now on) are also spreading their reach into industry practices, being used, for example, in reports.
All implementations of notebooks share a series of core features. First, a notebook comprises a single file that stores narrative text, computer code, and the output produced by code. Storing both narrative and computational work in a single file means that the entire workflow can be recorded and documented in the same place, without having to resort to ancillary devices (like a paper notebook). A second feature of notebooks is that they allow for interactive work. Modern computational work benefits from the ability to try, fail, tinker, and iterate quickly until a working solution is found. Notebooks embody this quality and enable the user to work interactively. Whether the computation takes place on a laptop or on a data center, notebooks provide the same interface for interactive computing, lowering the cognitive load require to scale up. Third, notebooks have interoperability built in. The notebook format is designed for recording and sharing computational work, but not necessarily for other stages of the research cycle. To widen the range of possibilities and applications, notebooks are designed to be easily convertible into other formats. For example, while a specific application is required to open and edit most notebook file formats, no additional software is required to convert them into pdf files that can be read, printed, and annotated without the need of technical software.
Notebooks represent the top layer on the reproducibility stack. They can capture
in detailed and reproducible ways work that is specific about a given project:
what data is used, how it is read, cleaned, and transformed; what algorithms are used, how they
are combined; how each figure in the project is generated, etc. Guidance on how
to write notebooks in efficient ways is also emerging (e.g. {cite}Rule_2019
).
To make notebooks an efficient medium to communicate computational work, it is important that they are concise and streamlined. One way to achieve this goal is to only include the parts of the work that are unique to the application being recorded in the notebook, and to avoid duplication. From this it follows that if a piece of code is used several times across the notebook, or even across several notebooks, that functionality should probably be taken out of the notebook and into a centralised place where it can be accessed whenever needed. In other words, such functionality should be turned into a package.
Packages are modular, flexible and repurposable compilations of code. Unlike notebooks, they do not capture specific applications but abstractions of functionality that can be used in a variety of contexts. Their function is to avoid duplication "downstream" by encapsulating functionality in a way that can be accessed and used in a variety of contexts without having to re-write code every time it is needed. In doing so, packages (or libraries, an interchangeable term in this context) embody the famous hacker moto of D.R.Y.: "don't repeat yourself".
Open source packages are packages whose code is available to inspect, modify and redistribute. They fulfill the same functions as any package in terms of modularising code, but they also enable transparency as any user can access the exposed functionality and the underlying code that generates it. For this reason, for code packages to serve Open Science and reproducibility, they need to be open source.
For computational work to be fully reproducible and open, it needs to be possible to replicate in a different (computational) environment than where it was originally created. This means that it is not sufficient to specify in a notebook the code that creates the final outputs, and to rely on open source packages for more general functionality; the environment specified by those two components needs to be reproducible too. This statement, which might seem obvious and straightforward, is not always so due to the scale and complexity of modern computational workflows and infrastructures. The old saying of "if it works on my laptop, what's the problem?" is not enough any more, it needs to work on "any laptop" (or computer).
Reproducible platforms encompass the more general aspects that enable open source packages and notebooks to be reproducible. A reproducible platform thus specifies the infrastructure required to ensure a notebook that uses certain open source packages can be successfully executed. Infrastructure, in this context, relates to lower-level aspects of the software stack, such as the operating system, and even some hardware requirements, such as the use of specific chips such as graphics processing units (GPU). Additionally, a reproducible platform will also specify the versions of packages that are required to recreate the results presented in a notebook.
Unlike open source packages, the notion of reproducible platforms is not as
widespread and generally agreed upon. Its necessity has only become apparent more
recently, and work on providing them in standardised ways is less developed
than in the case of notebook technology or code packaging and distribution.
Nevertheless, some inroads are being made. One area which has experienced
significant progress in recent years and holds great promise in this context is
container technology. Containers are a lightweight version of a virtual
machine, which is a program that enables an entire operating system to run
compartimentalised on top of another operating system. Containers allow to
encapsulate an entire environment (or platform) in a format that is easy to
transfer and reproduce in a variety of computational contexts. The most
popular technology for containers nowadays is Docker, and the opportunities
that it provides to build transparent and transferrable infrastructure for
data science are starting to be explored {cite}Cook_2017
.
This book uses notebooks as the main format in which its content is created and distributed. Each chapter is written as a separate notebook and can be run interactively. At the same time, we collect all chapters and convert them into different formats for "static consumption" (ie. read only), either in HTML format for the web, or PDF to be printed in a physical copy. This section will present the specific format of notebooks we use, and illustrate its building blocks in a way that allows you to then follow the rest of the book interactively.
Our choice of notebook is Jupyter {cite}Kluyver2016jupyter
. A Jupyter notebook is a plain
text file with the .ipynb
extension, which means that it is an easy file to
move around, sync, and track over time. Internally, it is structured as a plain-text document containing
JavaScript Object Notation that records the state of the notebook, so they
also integrate well with a host of modern web technologies.
The atomic element that makes up a notebook is called a cell. Cells are
consistent chunks of content that contain either text or code. In fact, a
notebook can be thought of as an ordered collection of cells. Cells can be of
two types: text and code.
Text cells contain text written in the Markdown markup language. Markdown is a popular set of rules to create rich content (e.g. headers, lists, links) from flat, plain text files without being as complex and sophisticated as other typesetting approaches. The notebook will then render markdown automatically. For more demanding or specific tasks, text cells can further integrate $\LaTeX$ notation. This means we can write most forms of narrative relying on markdown, which is more straightforward, and rely on $\LaTeX$ for more sophisticated parts, such as equations. Covering Markdown rules in detail is beyond the scope of this chapter, but the interested reader can inspect the official Github specification of the so-called Github-flavored markdown, the one adopted by the notebook.
Code cells are text boxes that contain computer code. In the case of this book, all code will be Python, but Jupyter notebooks are flexible enough to work with other languages (see the offical list of Jupyter-supported kernels here). Aesthetically, code cells look as follows:
# This is a code cell
A code cell can be run to execute the code it contains. If such code produces an output (e.g. a table or a figure), this will be printed as a cell output. Every time a cell is run, its counter will go up once.
Code cells in a notebook also enable the embedding of rich (web) content. The
IPython
package provides methods to access as series of media and bring them
directly to the notebook environment. Let us see how this can be done
practically. To be able to demonstrate it, we will need to import the
display
module (skip to the next section if you want to learn more about
importing packages):
import IPython.display as display
This makes available additional functionality that allows us to embed rich content. For example, we can include a YouTube clip by passing the video ID:
display.YouTubeVideo('iinQDhsdE9s')
Or we can pass standard HTML code:
display.HTML("""<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>""")
Header 1 | Header 2 |
---|---|
row 1, cell 1 | row 1, cell 2 |
row 2, cell 1 | row 2, cell 2 |
Note that this opens the door for including a large number of elements from the
web, since an iframe
of any other website can also be included. Of more relevance
for this book, for example, we can embed interactive maps with an iframe
:
osm = """
<iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://www.openstreetmap.org/export/embed.html?bbox=-2.9662737250328064%2C53.400500637844594%2C-2.964626848697662%2C53.402550738394034&layer=mapnik" style="border: 1px solid black"></iframe><br/><small><a href="http://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=19/53.40153/-2.96545">View Larger Map</a></small>
"""
display.HTML(osm)
Finally, using a similar approach, we can also load and display local
images, which we will so throughout the book. For that, we use the Image
method:
path = ("../infrastructure/logo/"\
"logo_transparent-bg.png")
display.Image(path)
Our recommended way to interact with Jupyter notebooks is through Jupyter Lab. Jupyter Lab is an interface to the Jupyter ecosystem that brings together several tools for data science into a consistent interface that enables the user to accomplish most of her workflows. It is built as a web app following a client-server architechture. This means the computation is decoupled from the interface. This decoupling allows each to be hosted in the most convenient and efficient solution. For example, you might be following this book interactively in your laptop. In this case, it is likely both the server that runs all the Python computations you specify in code cells (what we call the kernel) is running locally, and you are interacting with it through your browser of preference. But the same technology could power a situation where your kernel is running in a cloud data center, and you interact with Jupyter Lab from a tablet.
Jupyter Lab' interface has three main areas:
path = ("../figures/jupyter_lab.png")
display.Image(path)
At the top we find a menu bar (red box in the figure) that allows us to open, create and interact with files, as well as to modify the appearance and behaviour of Jupyter Lab. The largest real estate is occupied by the main pane (blue box). By default, there is an option to create a new notebook, open a console, a terminal session, a (markdown) text file, and a window for contextual help. Jupyter Lab provides a flexible workspace in that the user can open as many windows as needed and rearrange them as desired by dragging and dropping. Finally, on the left of the main pane we find the side pane (green box), which has several tabs that toggle on and off different auxilliary information. By default, we find a file browser based on the folder from where the session has been launched. But we can also switch to a pane that lists all the currently open kernels and terminal sessions, a list of all the commands in the menu (the command palette), and a list of all the open windows inside the lab.
The main component of this book relies on the Python programming language. Python is a high- level programming language used widely in data science. To give a couple of examples of its relevance, it powers most of the company Dropbox's main product, and is also heavily used to control satellites at NASA. A great deal of Science is also done in Python, from research in astronomy at UC Berkley, to courses in economics by Nobel Prize-winning professors.
This book uses Python because it is a good language for beginners and high performance science alike. For this reason, it has emerged as one of the main and most solid options for Data Science. Python is widely used for data processing and analysis both in academia and in industry. There is a vibrant and growing scientific community (through the Scientific Python library and the PyData organization), working in both universities and companies, to support and enhance the Python's capabilities. New methods and usability improvements of existing packages (also known as libraries) are continuously being released. In geocomputation, Python is also very widely adopted: it is the language used for scripting in both the main proprietary enterprise geographic information system, ArcGIS, and the leading open geographic information system, QGIS. All of this means that, whether you are thinking of continuing in Higher Education or trying to find a job in industry, Python will be an important asset, valuable to employers and scientists alike.
Python code is "dynamically interpreted", which means it is run on-the-fly without needing to be compiled. This is in contrast to other kinds of programming languages, which require an additional non-interactive step where a program is converted into a binary file, which is then run directly. With Python, one does not need to worry about this non-interactive compilation step. Instead, we can simply write code, run code, fix any issues directly, and then re-run the code in a quick cycle. This makes Python a very productive tool for science, since you can prototype code quickly and directly.
The standard Python language includes some data structures (such as lists and dictionaries) and allows many basic mathematical operations (e.g. sums, differences, products). For example, right out of the box, and without any further action needed, you can use Python as a calculator:
3 + 5
8
2 / 3
0.6666666666666666
(3 + 5) * 2 / 3
5.333333333333333
However, the strength of Python as a data analysis tool comes from additional
packages, software that adds functionality to the language itself.
In this book, we will introduce and use many of the core libraries of the "PyData stack",
a set of heavily-used libraries that make Python a fully-fledged
system for (Geographic) Data Science. We will introduce each package as we use them
throughout the chapters. For now, we will show how an installed package can be
loaded into a session so its functionality can be accessed. This loading of
a package, in Python, is called importing. We will use the library geopandas
as
an example. The simplest way to import a library is by typing the following:
import geopandas
We now have access to the entire library of methods and clases, which we
can call by prepending geopandas.
to the name of the function we want.
Sometimes, however, we will want to shorten the name to save keystrokes. This
approach, called aliasing, can be done as follows:
import geopandas as gpd
Now, every time we want to access a function from geopandas
, all we need to
type before the function's name is gpd.
. However sometimes we rather import
only parts of a library. For example, we might only want to use one function.
In this case, it might be cleaner and more efficient to bring the function
itself only:
from geopandas import read_file
This allows us to use read_file
directly in the current session.
A very handy feature of Python is the ability to access on-the-spot help for functions. This means that you can check what a function is supposed to do, or how to use it from directly inside your Python session. Of course, this also works handsomely inside a notebook, too. There are a couple of ways to access the help.
Take the read_file
function we have imported above. One way to check its help
dialog from within the notebook is to add a question mark after it:
read_file?
Signature: read_file(filename, bbox=None, mask=None, rows=None, **kwargs) Docstring: Returns a GeoDataFrame from a file or URL. .. versionadded:: 0.7.0 mask, rows Parameters ---------- filename : str, path object or file-like object Either the absolute or relative path to the file or URL to be opened, or any object with a read() method (such as an open file or StringIO) bbox : tuple | GeoDataFrame or GeoSeries | shapely Geometry, default None Filter features by given bounding box, GeoSeries, GeoDataFrame or a shapely geometry. CRS mis-matches are resolved if given a GeoSeries or GeoDataFrame. Cannot be used with mask. mask : dict | GeoDataFrame or GeoSeries | shapely Geometry, default None Filter for features that intersect with the given dict-like geojson geometry, GeoSeries, GeoDataFrame or shapely geometry. CRS mis-matches are resolved if given a GeoSeries or GeoDataFrame. Cannot be used with bbox. rows : int or slice, default None Load in specific rows by passing an integer (first `n` rows) or a slice() object. **kwargs : Keyword args to be passed to the `open` or `BytesCollection` method in the fiona library when opening the file. For more information on possible keywords, type: ``import fiona; help(fiona.open)`` Examples -------- >>> df = geopandas.read_file("nybb.shp") Returns ------- :obj:`geopandas.GeoDataFrame` or :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` : If `ignore_geometry=True` a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` will be returned. Notes ----- The format drivers will attempt to detect the encoding of your data, but may fail. In this case, the proper encoding can be specified explicitly by using the encoding keyword parameter, e.g. ``encoding='utf-8'``. File: /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages/geopandas/io/file.py Type: function
As you can see, this brings up a sub-window in the browser with all the information you need. Additionally, Jupyter Lab offers the "Contextual Help" box in the initial launcher. If you open it, the help of every function where your cursor lands will be dynamically displayed in the contextual help.
If, for whatever reason, you needed to print that info
into the notebook itself, you can use the following help
function instead:
help(geopandas.read_file)
Help on function _read_file in module geopandas.io.file: _read_file(filename, bbox=None, mask=None, rows=None, **kwargs) Returns a GeoDataFrame from a file or URL. .. versionadded:: 0.7.0 mask, rows Parameters ---------- filename : str, path object or file-like object Either the absolute or relative path to the file or URL to be opened, or any object with a read() method (such as an open file or StringIO) bbox : tuple | GeoDataFrame or GeoSeries | shapely Geometry, default None Filter features by given bounding box, GeoSeries, GeoDataFrame or a shapely geometry. CRS mis-matches are resolved if given a GeoSeries or GeoDataFrame. Cannot be used with mask. mask : dict | GeoDataFrame or GeoSeries | shapely Geometry, default None Filter for features that intersect with the given dict-like geojson geometry, GeoSeries, GeoDataFrame or shapely geometry. CRS mis-matches are resolved if given a GeoSeries or GeoDataFrame. Cannot be used with bbox. rows : int or slice, default None Load in specific rows by passing an integer (first `n` rows) or a slice() object. **kwargs : Keyword args to be passed to the `open` or `BytesCollection` method in the fiona library when opening the file. For more information on possible keywords, type: ``import fiona; help(fiona.open)`` Examples -------- >>> df = geopandas.read_file("nybb.shp") Returns ------- :obj:`geopandas.GeoDataFrame` or :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` : If `ignore_geometry=True` a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` will be returned. Notes ----- The format drivers will attempt to detect the encoding of your data, but may fail. In this case, the proper encoding can be specified explicitly by using the encoding keyword parameter, e.g. ``encoding='utf-8'``.
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, reproducible platforms encompass technology and practices that help reproduce a set of analyses or computational work in a different environment than that in which it was produced. There are several approaches to implement this concept in a practical setting. For this book, we use a package called Docker. Docker is based on an obscure feature of Linux called containers, which allows to run processes in an isolated way within the operating system. We decided to settle on Docker for several reasons but, in particular, for three main reasons: first, it is widely adopted as an industry standard (e.g. almost any website today runs on Docker containers), which means it is well supported and is not likely to disappear any time soon; second, it has also become a standard in the world of data science, which means foundational projects such as Jupyter create official containers for these packages; and third, because of the two previous reasons, building the platform that supports the book in Docker allows us to easily integrate it, for example, in the cloud or local servers, which in turn has benefits to easily and efficiently make the book available in more contexts.
Docker allows us to create a "container" that includes all the tools required to access the content of the book interactively. But, what exactly is a container? There are several ways to describe it, from very technical to more intuitive ones. In this context, we will focus on a general understanding rather than on the technical details behind its magic. One can think of a container as, well, a "box" that includes everything that is required to run a certain set of software. This box can be moved around, from machine to machine, and the computations it executes will remain exactly the same. In fact, the content of the box remains exactly the same, bit by bit. When we download a container into a computer, be it a laptop or a data center, we are not performing an install of the software it contains from the usual channels, for the platform on which we are going to run it on. Instead, we are downloading the software in the form that was installed when the container was originally built and packaged, and for the operating system that was also packaged originally. This is the real advantage: build once, run everywhere. For the experienced reader, this might sound very much like their older syster: virtual machines. Although there are similarities between both technologies, containers are more lightweight and can be run much more swiftly than virtual machines. This box that is isolated interacts with the rest of the computer through several links that connect the two. In the case of this book, since JupyterLab is a client-server application, the server runs inside the container and we connect to it through two main "doors": one, through the browser, we will access the main Lab interface; and two, we will "mount" a folder inside the container so we can use software inside the container to edit files that are stored outside in the host machine.
"Containers are great but, how can I install and run one?", you might be asking yourself at this point. First, you will need to install Docker on your machine. This assumes you have administrative rights (ie. you can install software). If that is the case, you can go to the Docker website ([https://www.docker.com/])(https://www.docker.com/)) and install the version that suits your operating system. Note that, although container technology is Linux-based, Docker provides tools to run it smoothly in macOS and Windows. An install guide for Docker is beyond the scope of this chapter, but there is much documentation available on the web to this end. We personally recommend the official documentation (https://docs.docker.com/), but you might find other resources that suit your needs better.
Once you have Docker up and running on your computer, you can download the image we have prepared for the book. This operation is akin to installing the software you need to interact with the book, so you will only need to run it once. However, keep in mind that the image is relatively large (around 7GB), so you will need the space on your machine as well as a good internet connection. If you check those two boxes, you are ready to go. Here are the steps to take:
Open a terminal or shell. How to do this will depend on your operating system:
Windows
: we recommend PowerShell. Type "PowerShell" on the startup menu
and, when it comes up, hit enter. This will open a terminal for you.macOS
: use the Teminal.app
. You can find it on the Applications
folder, within the Utilities subfolder.Linux
: if you are running Linux, you probably already have a terminal
application of preference. Almost any Linux distribution comes with a
terminal or shell app built in.Download, or "pull", our container. For this run on the terminal the following command:
docker pull gdsbook/stack
That's it! Once the command above completes, you have all the software you need to interact with this book.
You can now run the container with the following command:
docker run --rm -ti -p 8888:8888 -v ${PWD}:/home/jovyan/work gdsbook/stack
Let's unpack the command so we understand everything that is going on here to get further insight into how the container works:
docker run
: Docker does a lot of things, to communicate that we want to
run a new container, we need specify it.--rm
: this flag will ensure the container is removed when you close
it. This in turn makes sure every time you run it again, you start
afresh with the exact same set up.-ti
: this flag further ensures that the container is not run in the
background but in an _i_nteractive mode.-p 8888:8888
: with this, we ensure we forward the port from inside
the container out to the host machine (i.e. your laptop). This step is
crucial because it allows us to interact with the server
and for Jupyter to "send" JupyterLab across so we can access it in our
web browser.-v ${PWD}:/home/jovyan/work
: similarly, this flag "mounts" the folder
from where the command is being run in the terminal (${PWD}
) into the
container so it is visible and editable from inside the container. Such
folder will be available at the container's work
folder.gdsbook/stack
: finally, we also need to specify which image we want to
run. In this case, we run the image created for this book.The command above will generate output that will look, more or less like the following:
Executing the command: jupyter notebook
[I 14:45:34.681 NotebookApp] Writing notebook server cookie secret to /home/jovyan/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/notebook_cookie_secret
[I 14:45:36.504 NotebookApp] Loading IPython parallel extension
[I 14:45:36.730 NotebookApp] JupyterLab extension loaded from /opt/conda/lib/python3.7/site-packages/jupyterlab
[I 14:45:36.731 NotebookApp] JupyterLab application directory is /opt/conda/share/jupyter/lab
[I 14:45:36.738 NotebookApp] [Jupytext Server Extension] NotebookApp.contents_manager_class is (a subclass of) jupytext.TextFileContentsManager already - OK
[I 14:45:37.718 NotebookApp] Serving notebooks from local directory: /home/jovyan
[I 14:45:37.718 NotebookApp] The Jupyter Notebook is running at:
[I 14:45:37.719 NotebookApp] http://0fb71d146102:8888/?token=ae7e8017f3e97658a218ec2c2d1fbcc894f09d80f6b5f79c
[I 14:45:37.719 NotebookApp] or http://127.0.0.1:8888/?token=ae7e8017f3e97658a218ec2c2d1fbcc894f09d80f6b5f79c
[I 14:45:37.719 NotebookApp] Use Control-C to stop this server and shut down all kernels (twice to skip confirmation).
[C 14:45:37.725 NotebookApp]
To access the notebook, open this file in a browser:
file:///home/jovyan/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/nbserver-6-open.html
Or copy and paste one of these URLs:
http://0fb71d146102:8888/?token=ae7e8017f3e97658a218ec2c2d1fbcc894f09d80f6b5f79c
or http://127.0.0.1:8888/?token=ae7e8017f3e97658a218ec2c2d1fbcc894f09d80f6b5f79c
With this, you can then head to your browser of preference (ideally Mozilla
Firefox or Google Chrome) and point it to localhost:8888
. This should render
a landing page that looks approximately like this one:
path = ("../figures/jupyter_landing_page.png")
display.Image(path)
To access the lab, copy the token from the terminal (in the example above,
that would be ae7e8017f3e97658a218ec2c2d1fbcc894f09d80f6b5f79c
), enter it on
the box and click on "Log in". Now you are in!
Containers make computations more transferable, but there is always a
possibility of things not working for several reasons, mistakes and typos.
A list of a few that we have found will be maintained on https://geographicdata.science
for you to examine.