In [1]:
import keras
keras.__version__

Using TensorFlow backend.

Out[1]:
'2.0.8'

5.1 - Introduction to convnets¶

This notebook contains the code sample found in Chapter 5, Section 1 of Deep Learning with Python. Note that the original text features far more content, in particular further explanations and figures: in this notebook, you will only find source code and related comments.

First, let's take a practical look at a very simple convnet example. We will use our convnet to classify MNIST digits, a task that you've already been through in Chapter 2, using a densely-connected network (our test accuracy then was 97.8%). Even though our convnet will be very basic, its accuracy will still blow out of the water that of the densely-connected model from Chapter 2.

The 6 lines of code below show you what a basic convnet looks like. It's a stack of Conv2D and MaxPooling2D layers. We'll see in a minute what they do concretely. Importantly, a convnet takes as input tensors of shape (image_height, image_width, image_channels) (not including the batch dimension). In our case, we will configure our convnet to process inputs of size (28, 28, 1), which is the format of MNIST images. We do this via passing the argument input_shape=(28, 28, 1) to our first layer.

In [2]:
from keras import layers
from keras import models

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(28, 28, 1)))


Let's display the architecture of our convnet so far:

In [3]:
model.summary()

_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #
=================================================================
conv2d_1 (Conv2D)            (None, 26, 26, 32)        320
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 13, 13, 32)        0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_2 (Conv2D)            (None, 11, 11, 64)        18496
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2 (None, 5, 5, 64)          0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_3 (Conv2D)            (None, 3, 3, 64)          36928
=================================================================
Total params: 55,744
Trainable params: 55,744
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________


You can see above that the output of every Conv2D and MaxPooling2D layer is a 3D tensor of shape (height, width, channels). The width and height dimensions tend to shrink as we go deeper in the network. The number of channels is controlled by the first argument passed to the Conv2D layers (e.g. 32 or 64).

The next step would be to feed our last output tensor (of shape (3, 3, 64)) into a densely-connected classifier network like those you are already familiar with: a stack of Dense layers. These classifiers process vectors, which are 1D, whereas our current output is a 3D tensor. So first, we will have to flatten our 3D outputs to 1D, and then add a few Dense layers on top:

In [4]:
model.add(layers.Flatten())


We are going to do 10-way classification, so we use a final layer with 10 outputs and a softmax activation. Now here's what our network looks like:

In [5]:
model.summary()

_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #
=================================================================
conv2d_1 (Conv2D)            (None, 26, 26, 32)        320
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 13, 13, 32)        0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_2 (Conv2D)            (None, 11, 11, 64)        18496
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2 (None, 5, 5, 64)          0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_3 (Conv2D)            (None, 3, 3, 64)          36928
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_1 (Flatten)          (None, 576)               0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              (None, 64)                36928
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense)              (None, 10)                650
=================================================================
Total params: 93,322
Trainable params: 93,322
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________


As you can see, our (3, 3, 64) outputs were flattened into vectors of shape (576,), before going through two Dense layers.

Now, let's train our convnet on the MNIST digits. We will reuse a lot of the code we have already covered in the MNIST example from Chapter 2.

In [6]:
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.utils import to_categorical

(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()

train_images = train_images.reshape((60000, 28, 28, 1))
train_images = train_images.astype('float32') / 255

test_images = test_images.reshape((10000, 28, 28, 1))
test_images = test_images.astype('float32') / 255

train_labels = to_categorical(train_labels)
test_labels = to_categorical(test_labels)

In [7]:
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=5, batch_size=64)

Epoch 1/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 8s - loss: 0.1766 - acc: 0.9440
Epoch 2/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 7s - loss: 0.0462 - acc: 0.9855
Epoch 3/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 7s - loss: 0.0322 - acc: 0.9902
Epoch 4/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 7s - loss: 0.0241 - acc: 0.9926
Epoch 5/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 7s - loss: 0.0187 - acc: 0.9943

Out[7]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fbd9c4cd828>

Let's evaluate the model on the test data:

In [8]:
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_images, test_labels)

 9536/10000 [===========================>..] - ETA: 0s
In [9]:
test_acc

Out[9]:
0.99129999999999996

While our densely-connected network from Chapter 2 had a test accuracy of 97.8%, our basic convnet has a test accuracy of 99.3%: we decreased our error rate by 68% (relative). Not bad!