# Supervised sentiment: Dense feature representations and neural networks¶

In [1]:
__author__ = "Christopher Potts"
__version__ = "CS224u, Stanford, Spring 2019"


## Overview¶

This notebook defines and explores recurrent neural network (RNN) classifiers and tree-structured neural network (TreeNN) classifiers for the Stanford Sentiment Treebank.

These approaches make their predictions based on comprehensive representations of the examples:

• For the RNN, each word is modeled, as are its sequential relationships to the other words.
• For the TreeNN, the entire parsed structure of the sentence is modeled.

Both models contrast with the ones explored in the previous notebook, which make predictions based on more partial, potentially idiosyncratic information extracted from the examples.

## Set-up¶

See the first notebook in this unit for set-up instructions.

In [2]:
from collections import Counter
import numpy as np
import os
import pandas as pd
import random
from np_rnn_classifier import RNNClassifier
from np_tree_nn import TreeNN
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
import tensorflow as tf
from tf_rnn_classifier import TfRNNClassifier
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch_rnn_classifier import TorchRNNClassifier
from torch_tree_nn import TorchTreeNN
from torch_subtree_nn import TorchSubtreeNN
import sst
import vsm
import utils

In [3]:
# This will limit the TensorFlow log messages to just those
# that track traing progress.

utils.tf_train_progress_logging()

In [4]:
DATE_HOME = 'data'

GLOVE_HOME = os.path.join(DATE_HOME, 'glove.6B')

VSMDATA_HOME = os.path.join(DATE_HOME, 'vsmdata')

SST_HOME = os.path.join(DATE_HOME, 'trees')


## Distributed representations as features¶

As a first step in the direction of neural networks for sentiment, we can connect with our previous unit on distributed representations. Arguably, more than any specific model architecture, this is the major innovation of deep learning: rather than designing feature functions by hand, we use dense, distributed representations, often derived from unsupervised models.

Our model will just be LogisticRegression, and we'll continue with the experiment framework from the previous notebook. Here is fit_maxent_classifier again:

In [5]:
def fit_maxent_classifier(X, y):
mod = LogisticRegression(
fit_intercept=True,
solver='liblinear',
multi_class='auto')
mod.fit(X, y)
return mod


### GloVe inputs¶

To illustrate this process, we'll use the general purpose GloVe representations released by the GloVe team, at 50d:

In [6]:
glove_lookup = utils.glove2dict(
os.path.join(GLOVE_HOME, 'glove.6B.300d.txt'))

In [7]:
def vsm_leaves_phi(tree, lookup, np_func=np.sum):
"""Represent tree as a combination of the vector of its words.

Parameters
----------
tree : nltk.Tree
lookup : dict
From words to vectors.
np_func : function (default: np.sum)
A numpy matrix operation that can be applied columnwise,
like np.mean, np.sum, or np.prod. The requirement is that
the function take axis=0 as one of its arguments (to ensure
columnwise combination) and that it return a vector of a
fixed length, no matter what the size of the tree is.

Returns
-------
np.array, dimension X.shape[1]

"""
allvecs = np.array([lookup[w] for w in tree.leaves() if w in lookup])
if len(allvecs) == 0:
dim = len(next(iter(lookup.values())))
feats = np.zeros(dim)
else:
feats = np_func(allvecs, axis=0)
return feats

In [8]:
def glove_leaves_phi(tree, np_func=np.sum):
return vsm_leaves_phi(tree, glove_lookup, np_func=np_func)

In [9]:
_ = sst.experiment(
SST_HOME,
glove_leaves_phi,
fit_maxent_classifier,
class_func=sst.ternary_class_func,
vectorize=False)  # Tell experiment that we already have our feature vectors.

              precision    recall  f1-score   support

negative      0.612     0.715     0.660       991
neutral      0.322     0.076     0.122       490
positive      0.659     0.785     0.716      1083

micro avg      0.622     0.622     0.622      2564
macro avg      0.531     0.525     0.499      2564
weighted avg      0.576     0.622     0.581      2564



### IMDB representations¶

Our IMDB VSMs seems pretty well-attuned to the Stanford Sentiment Treebank, so we might think that they can do even better than the general-purpose GloVe inputs. Here are two quick assessments of that idea:

In [10]:
imdb20 = pd.read_csv(
os.path.join(VSMDATA_HOME, 'imdb_window20-flat.csv.gz'), index_col=0)

In [11]:
imdb20_ppmi = vsm.pmi(imdb20, positive=False)

In [12]:
imdb20_ppmi_svd = vsm.lsa(imdb20_ppmi, k=50)

In [13]:
imdb_lookup = dict(zip(imdb20_ppmi_svd.index, imdb20_ppmi_svd.values))

In [14]:
def imdb_phi(tree, np_func=np.sum):
return vsm_leaves_phi(tree, imdb_lookup, np_func=np_func)

In [15]:
_ = sst.experiment(
SST_HOME,
imdb_phi,
fit_maxent_classifier,
class_func=sst.ternary_class_func,
vectorize=False)  # Tell experiment that we already have our feature vectors.

              precision    recall  f1-score   support

negative      0.591     0.716     0.648      1018
neutral      0.214     0.006     0.012       495
positive      0.617     0.774     0.687      1051

micro avg      0.603     0.603     0.603      2564
macro avg      0.474     0.499     0.449      2564
weighted avg      0.529     0.603     0.541      2564



### Remarks on this approach¶

• Recall that our unigrams_phi created feature representations with over 16K dimensions and got about 0.77.

• The above models have only 50 dimensions and come close in terms of performance. In many ways, it's striking that we can get a model that is competitive with so few dimensions.

• The promise of the Mittens model of Dingwall and Potts 2018 is that we can use GloVe itself to update the general purpose information in the 'glove.6B' vectors with specialized information from one of these IMDB count matrices. That might be worth trying; the mittens package already implements this!

• That said, just summing up all the word representations is pretty unappealing linguistically. There's no doubt that we're losing a lot of valuable information in doing this. The models we turn to now can be seen as addressing this shortcoming while retaining the insight that our distributed representations are valuable for this task.

## RNN classifiers¶

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is any deep learning model that process its inputs sequentially. There are many variations on this theme. The one that we use here is an RNN classifier.

For a sequence of length $n$:

\begin{align*} h_{t} &= \tanh(x_{t}W_{xh} + h_{t-1}W_{hh}) \\ y &= \textbf{softmax}(h_{n}W_{hy} + b) \end{align*}

where $1 \leqslant t \leqslant n$. As indicated in the above diagram, the sequence of hidden states is padded with an initial state $h_{0}$ In our implementations, this is always an all $0$ vector, but it can be initialized in more sophisticated ways (some of which we will explore in our unit on natural language inference).

This is a potential gain over our sum-the-word-vectors baseline, in that it processes each word independently, and in the context of those that came before it. Thus, not only is this sensitive to word order, but the hidden representation give us the potential to encode how the preceding context for a word affects its interpretation.

The downside of this, of course, is that this model is much more difficult to set up and optimize. Let's dive into those details.

### RNN dataset preparation¶

SST contains trees, but the RNN processes just the sequence of leaf nodes. The function sst.build_binary_rnn_dataset creates datasets in this format:

In [16]:
X_rnn_train, y_rnn_train = sst.build_rnn_dataset(


Each member of X_rnn_train is a list of lists of words. Here's a look at the start of the first:

In [17]:
X_rnn_train[0][: 6]

Out[17]:
['The', 'Rock', 'is', 'destined', 'to', 'be']

Because this is a classifier, y_rnn_train is just a list of labels, one per example:

In [18]:
y_rnn_train[0]

Out[18]:
'positive'

For experiments, let's build a dev dataset as well:

In [19]:
X_rnn_dev, y_rnn_dev = sst.build_rnn_dataset(


### Vocabulary for the embedding¶

The first delicate issue we need to address is the vocabulary for our model:

• As indicated in the figure above, the first thing we do when processing an example is look up the words in an embedding (a VSM), which has to have a fixed dimensionality.

• We can use our training data to specify the vocabulary for this embedding; at prediction time, though, we will inevitably encounter words we haven't seen before.

• The convention we adopt here is to map them to an $UNK token that is in our pre-specified vocabulary. • At the same time, we might want to collapse infrequent tokens into $UNK to make optimization easier.

In utils, the function get_vocab implements these strategies. Now we can extract the training vocab and use it for the model embedding, secure in the knowledge that we will be able to process tokens outside of this set (by mapping them to $UNK). In [20]: sst_full_train_vocab = utils.get_vocab(X_rnn_train)  In [21]: print("sst_full_train_vocab has {:,} items".format(len(sst_full_train_vocab)))  sst_full_train_vocab has 18,279 items  This frankly seems too big relative to our dataset size. Let's restrict to just 10000 words: In [22]: sst_train_vocab = utils.get_vocab(X_rnn_train, n_words=10000)  ### Pure NumPy RNN implementation¶ The first implementation we'll look at is a pure NumPy implementation of exactly the model depicted above. This implementation is a bit slow and might not be all that effective, but it is useful to have available in case one really wants to inspect the details of how these models process examples. In [23]: rnn = RNNClassifier( sst_train_vocab, embedding=None, # Will be randomly initialized. embed_dim=50, hidden_dim=50, max_iter=50, eta=0.05)  In [24]: %time _ = rnn.fit(X_rnn_train, y_rnn_train)  Finished epoch 50 of 50; error is 15.908830618217432 CPU times: user 4min 7s, sys: 332 ms, total: 4min 7s Wall time: 4min 7s  In [25]: rnn_dev_predictions = rnn.predict(X_rnn_dev)  In [26]: print(classification_report(y_rnn_dev, rnn_dev_predictions))   precision recall f1-score support negative 0.34 0.29 0.31 428 neutral 0.25 0.34 0.29 229 positive 0.41 0.40 0.40 444 micro avg 0.34 0.34 0.34 1101 macro avg 0.33 0.34 0.33 1101 weighted avg 0.35 0.34 0.34 1101  ### PyTorch implementation¶ The included PyTorch implementation is much faster and more configurable. In [27]: torch_rnn = TorchRNNClassifier( sst_train_vocab, embed_dim=50, hidden_dim=50, max_iter=50, eta=0.05)  In [28]: %time _ = torch_rnn.fit(X_rnn_train, y_rnn_train)  Finished epoch 50 of 50; error is 0.21702845860272646 CPU times: user 11min 30s, sys: 2min 33s, total: 14min 4s Wall time: 2min 26s  In [29]: torch_rnn_dev_predictions = torch_rnn.predict(X_rnn_dev)  In [30]: print(classification_report(y_rnn_dev, torch_rnn_dev_predictions))   precision recall f1-score support negative 0.58 0.61 0.59 428 neutral 0.21 0.17 0.19 229 positive 0.59 0.61 0.60 444 micro avg 0.52 0.52 0.52 1101 macro avg 0.46 0.46 0.46 1101 weighted avg 0.51 0.52 0.51 1101  ### TensorFlow implementation¶ This has a very similar interface to the above implementations. It's generally faster than both of them, but you might find TensorFlow to be more challenging when it comes to debugging new architectures. In [31]: tf_rnn = TfRNNClassifier( sst_train_vocab, embedding=None, embed_dim=50, hidden_dim=50, hidden_activation=tf.nn.tanh, cell_class=tf.nn.rnn_cell.LSTMCell, train_embedding=True, max_iter=50, eta=0.05)  In [32]: %time _ = tf_rnn.fit(X_rnn_train, y_rnn_train)  WARNING:tensorflow:From /Applications/anaconda3/envs/nlu/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/losses/losses_impl.py:209: to_float (from tensorflow.python.ops.math_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use tf.cast instead. INFO:tensorflow:loss = 1.0981584, step = 1 INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.02402336, step = 101 (27.944 sec) INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.013917241, step = 201 (27.987 sec) INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.0017507431, step = 301 (27.898 sec) INFO:tensorflow:loss = 0.00930609, step = 401 (27.060 sec) INFO:tensorflow:Loss for final step: 0.038237844. CPU times: user 4min 26s, sys: 1min 12s, total: 5min 39s Wall time: 1min 56s  In [33]: tf_rnn_dev_predictions = tf_rnn.predict(X_rnn_dev)  In [34]: print(classification_report(y_rnn_dev, tf_rnn_dev_predictions))   precision recall f1-score support negative 0.61 0.60 0.60 428 neutral 0.25 0.23 0.24 229 positive 0.62 0.65 0.63 444 micro avg 0.54 0.54 0.54 1101 macro avg 0.49 0.49 0.49 1101 weighted avg 0.54 0.54 0.54 1101  ### Pretrained embeddings¶ With embedding=None, RNNClassifier, TorchRNNClassifier and TfRNNClassifier create random embeddings in which the values are drawn from a uniform distribution with bounds [-1, 1). You can also pass in an embedding, as long as you make sure it has the right vocabulary. The utility utils.create_pretrained_embedding will help with that: In [35]: glove_embedding, sst_glove_vocab = utils.create_pretrained_embedding( glove_lookup, sst_train_vocab)  Here's an illustration using TorchRNNClassifier: In [36]: torch_rnn_glove = TorchRNNClassifier( sst_glove_vocab, embedding=glove_embedding, hidden_dim=50, max_iter=50, eta=0.05)  In [37]: %time _ = torch_rnn_glove.fit(X_rnn_train, y_rnn_train)  Finished epoch 50 of 50; error is 3.2841555774211884 CPU times: user 8min 52s, sys: 2min 27s, total: 11min 19s Wall time: 1min 58s  In [38]: torch_rnn_imdb_dev_predictions = torch_rnn_glove.predict(X_rnn_dev)  In [39]: print(classification_report(y_rnn_dev, torch_rnn_imdb_dev_predictions))   precision recall f1-score support negative 0.64 0.59 0.62 428 neutral 0.29 0.22 0.25 229 positive 0.62 0.74 0.67 444 micro avg 0.57 0.57 0.57 1101 macro avg 0.52 0.52 0.51 1101 weighted avg 0.56 0.57 0.56 1101  ## Tree-structured neural networks¶ Tree-structured neural networks (TreeNNs) are close relatives of RNN classifiers. (If you tilt your head, you can see the above sequence model as a kind of tree.) The TreeNNs we explore here are the simplest possible and actually have many fewer parameters than RNNs. Here's a summary: The crucial property of these networks is the way they employ recursion: the representation of a parent node$p$has the same dimensionality as the word representations, allowing seamless repeated application of the central combination function: $$p = \tanh([x_{L};x_{R}]W_{wh} + b)$$ Here,$[x_{L};x_{R}]$is the concatenation of the left and right child representations, and$p$is the resulting parent node, which can then be a child node in a higher subtree. When we reach the root node$h_{r}\$ of the tree, we apply a softmax classifier using that top node's representation:

$$y = \textbf{softmax}(h_{r}W_{hy} + b)$$

### TreeNN dataset preparation¶

This is the only model under consideration here that makes use of the tree structures in the SST:

In [40]:
X_tree_train, _  = sst.build_tree_dataset(SST_HOME, sst.train_reader)

In [41]:
X_tree_train[0]

Out[41]:
In [42]:
X_tree_dev, y_tree_dev = sst.build_tree_dataset(


### Pure NumPy TreeNN implementation¶

TreeNN is a pure NumPy implementation of this model. It should be regarded as a baseline for models of this form. The original SST paper includes evaluations of a wide range of models in this family.

In [43]:
tree_nn_glove = TreeNN(
sst_glove_vocab,
embedding=glove_embedding,
embed_dim=None,  # Ignored when embedding is not None
max_iter=10,
eta=0.05)


The fit method to this model is unusual in that it takes only a list of trees as its argument. It is assumed that the label on the root node of each tree (tree.label()) is its class label.

In [44]:
%time _ = tree_nn_glove.fit(X_tree_train)

Finished epoch 10 of 10; error is 9.031078368143927
CPU times: user 27min 40s, sys: 4.74 s, total: 27min 45s
Wall time: 7min 9s

In [45]:
tree_glove_dev_predictions = tree_nn_glove.predict(X_tree_dev)

In [46]:
print(classification_report(y_tree_dev, tree_glove_dev_predictions))

              precision    recall  f1-score   support

negative       0.39      0.20      0.27       428
neutral       0.20      0.39      0.27       229
positive       0.40      0.39      0.39       444

micro avg       0.32      0.32      0.32      1101
macro avg       0.33      0.33      0.31      1101
weighted avg       0.35      0.32      0.32      1101



### Torch TreeNN implementation¶

In [47]:
torch_tree_nn_glove = TorchTreeNN(
sst_glove_vocab,
embedding=glove_embedding,
embed_dim=50,
max_iter=10,
eta=0.05)

In [48]:
%time _ = torch_tree_nn_glove.fit(X_tree_train)

Finished epoch 10 of 10; error is 93838.61479759216
CPU times: user 1h 30s, sys: 11min 14s, total: 1h 11min 45s
Wall time: 10min 32s

In [49]:
torch_tree_glove_dev_predictions = torch_tree_nn_glove.predict(X_tree_dev)

In [50]:
print(classification_report(y_tree_dev, torch_tree_glove_dev_predictions))

              precision    recall  f1-score   support

negative       0.36      0.25      0.30       428
neutral       0.50      0.01      0.03       229
positive       0.40      0.73      0.52       444

micro avg       0.39      0.39      0.39      1101
macro avg       0.42      0.33      0.28      1101
weighted avg       0.41      0.39      0.33      1101



### Subtree supervision¶

We've so far ignored one of the most exciting aspects of the SST: it has sentiment labels on every constituent from the root down to the lexical nodes.

It is fairly easy to extend TorchTreeNN to learn from these additional labels. The key change is that the recursive interpretation function has to gather all of the node representations and their true labels and pass these to the loss function:

This model is implemented in torch_subtree_nn.py, which uses TorchTreeNN and TorchTreeNNModel to create this variant. This version should also help pave the way to other subclasses of TorchTreeNN that you might want to build.