Let's use Yao first
using Yao
The Quantum Fourier Transformation (QFT) circuit is to repeat two kinds of blocks repeatly:
The basic building block control phase shift gate is defined as
Let's define block A
and block B
, block A
is actually
a control block.
A(i, j) = control(i, j=>shift(2π/(1<<(i-j+1))))
Once you construct the blockl you can inspect its matrix using mat
function. Let's construct the circuit in dash box A, and see the matrix of
R_4
gate.
R4 = A(4, 1)
If you have read about preparing GHZ state, you probably know that in Yao, we could just leave the number of qubits, and it will be evaluated when possible.
R4(5)
its matrix will be
mat(R4(5))
Then we repeat this control block over
and over on different qubits, and put a Hadamard gate
to i
th qubit to construct i
-th B
block.
B(n, k) = chain(n, j==k ? put(k=>H) : A(j, k) for j in k:n)
We need to input the total number of qubits n
here because we have to iterate
through from k
-th location to the last.
Now, let's construct the circuit by chaining all the B
blocks together
qft(n) = chain(B(n, k) for k in 1:n)
qft(4)
In most cases, function
s are enough to wrap quantum circuits, like A
and B
we defined above, but sometimes, we need to dispatch specialized
methods on certain kinds of quantum circuit, or we want to define an external
block to export, thus, it's useful to be able to wrap circuit to custom blocks.
First, we define a new type as subtype of PrimitiveBlock
since we are not
going to use the subblocks of QFT
, if you need to use its subblocks, it'd
be better to define it under CompositeBlock
.
struct QFT{N} <: PrimitiveBlock{N} end
QFT(n::Int) = QFT{n}()
Now, let's define its circuit
circuit(::QFT{N}) where N = qft(N)
And forward mat
to its circuit's matrix
YaoBlocks.mat(::Type{T}, x::QFT) where T = mat(T, circuit(x))
You may notice, it is a little ugly to print QFT
at the moment,
this is because we print the type summary by default, you can define
your own printing by overloading print_block
YaoBlocks.print_block(io::IO, x::QFT{N}) where N = print(io, "QFT($N)")
Since it is possible to use FFT to simulate the results of QFT (like cheating),
we could define our custom apply!
method:
using FFTW, LinearAlgebra
function YaoBlocks.apply!(r::ArrayReg, x::QFT)
α = sqrt(length(statevec(r)))
invorder!(r)
lmul!(α, ifft!(statevec(r)))
return r
end
Now let's check if our apply!
method is correct:
r = rand_state(5)
r1 = r |> copy |> QFT(5)
r2 = r |> copy |> circuit(QFT(5))
r1 ≈ r2
We can get iQFT (inverse QFT) directly by calling adjoint
QFT(5)'
QFT and iQFT are different from FFT and IFFT in three ways,
\sqrt{2^n}
with n
the number of qubits.Since we have QFT and iQFT blocks we can then use them to realize phase estimation circuit, what we want to realize is the following circuit:
using Yao
First we call Hadamard gates repeatly on first n
qubits.
Hadamards(n) = repeat(H, 1:n)
Then in dashed box B
, we have controlled unitaries:
ControlU(n, m, U) = chain(n+m, control(k, n+1:n+m=>matblock(U^(2^(k-1)))) for k in 1:n)
each of them is a U
of power 2^(k-1)
.
Since we will only apply the qft and Hadamard on first n
qubits,
we could use Subroutine
, which creates a context of
a sub-scope of the qubits.
PE(n, m, U) =
chain(n+m, # total number of the qubits
subroutine(Hadamards(n), 1:n), # apply H in local scope
ControlU(n, m, U),
subroutine(QFT(n)', 1:n))
we use the first n
qubits as the output space to store phase ϕ
, and the
other m
qubits as the input state which corresponds to an eigenvector of
oracle matrix U
.
The concentrator here uses focus!
and relax!
to manage
a local scope of quantum circuit, and only active the first n
qubits while applying
the block inside the concentrator context, and the scope will be relax!
ed
back, after the context. This is equivalent to manually focus!
then relax!
fullly activated
r = rand_state(5)
first 3 qubits activated
focus!(r, 1:3)
relax back to the original
relax!(r, 1:3)
In this way, we will be able to apply small operator directly on the subset of the qubits.
Details about the algorithm can be found here: Quantum Phase Estimation Algorithm
Now let's check the results of our phase estimation.
First we need to set up a unitary with known phase, we set the phase to be
0.75, which is 0.75 * 2^3 == 6 == 0b110
.
N, M = 3, 5
P = eigen(rand_unitary(1<<M)).vectors
θ = Int(0b110) / 1<<N
phases = rand(1<<M)
phases[0b010+1] = θ
U = P * Diagonal(exp.(2π * im * phases)) * P'
and then generate the state ψ
psi = P[:, 3]
In the phase estimation process, we will feed the state to circuit and measure
the first n
qubits processed by iQFT.
r = join(ArrayReg(psi), zero_state(N))
r |> PE(N, M, U)
Since our phase can be represented by 3 qubits precisely, we only need to measure once
results = measure(r, 1:N; nshots=1)
Recall that our QFT's bit numbering is reversed, let's reverse it back
using BitBasis
estimated_phase = bfloat(results[]; nbits=N)
the phase is exactly 0.75
!
This notebook was generated using Literate.jl.