*This is a follow-up to these posts here and here where I detail the ICC
methodology used. All the data and plots have been updated and reflects current information. Scroll to the bottom to see the results of our previous predictions.*
The following IPython Notebook examines the Implied Cost of Capital (ICC) method of valuation for purposes of trade/portfolio positioning. The ICC model is a forward looking estimate that uses earnings forecasts to calculate an implied earnings growth rate. The goal of this analysis is to identify asymmetric investing opportunities due to incongruence between "recent" historical returns and forward looking expectations of earnings growth (as measured by the ICC).
Please note: there will be some category overlap as some of the groupings include international sector ETF's while other groupings contain regional and/or country ETF's. ____
# ================================================================== #
# composite returns; vol; risk adjusted returns; correlation matrix, ICC analysis
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import pandas.io.data as web
from pandas.tseries.offsets import *
import datetime as dt
pd.set_option('colheader_justify', 'right')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
size=(10,8)
import seaborn as sns
sns.set_style('white')
import plotly.plotly as py
from plotly.graph_objs import *
import plotly.tools as tls
import cufflinks
# ================================================================== #
# datetime management
num_weeks = 3 # number of weeks since last update
date_today = dt.date.today()
d_mon, d_day = date_today.month, date_today.day
prev_date_today = date_today - num_weeks * Week(weekday=0) # weekday 0 = Monday
pre_d_mon, pre_d_day = prev_date_today.month, prev_date_today.day
pprev_dt_today = date_today - 2 * num_weeks * Week(weekday=0)
pprev_d_mon, pprev_d_day = pprev_dt_today.month, pprev_dt_today.day
last_month = date_today - 21 * BDay() # switch to 21
one_year_ago = date_today - 252 * BDay()
# ~~~ Market Cap ~~~ #
Broad_mkts = ['THRK','RSCO'] # Russell 3000, Russell Small Cap Completeness
Large_cap = ['ONEK','SPY','SPYG','SPYV'] # Russell 1000, sp500 (growth, value)
Mid_cap = ['MDY','MDYG', 'MDYV'] # sp400 mid (growth, value)
Small_cap = ['TWOK','SLY','SLYG','SLYV'] # russ 2K, sp600, (growth, value)
# ~~~ International/Global Equities ~~~ #
Global = [
'DGT', # global dow
'BIK', # sp BRIC 40 ETF
'GMM', # sp emerging mkts
'EWX', # sp emerging mkts small caps
'CWI', # msci acwi ex-US
'GII', # global infrastructure
'GNR', # global natural resources
'DWX', # intl dividends
'GWL', # sp developed world ex-US
'MDD', # intl mid cap (2B-5B USD)
'GWX' # intl small cap (<2B USD)
]
Asia = ['JPP','JSC','GXC','GMF'] # japan, smallcap japan, china, emg asiapac
Europe = ['FEZ','GUR','RBL','FEU'] # euro stoxx 50, emg europe, russia, stoxx europe 50
Latam = ['GML'] # emg latin america
Africa = ['GAF'] # emg mideast/africa
# ~~~ Real Assets ~~~ #
Real_assets = [ 'RWO', # global real estate
'RWX', # intl real estate ex-US
'RWR' # US select REIT
]
# ~~~ sectors and industries ETF's ~~~ #
Sector = [
'XLY','XHB','IPD','XRT', # consumer discretionary
'XLP','IPS', # consumer staples
'XLE','IPW','XES','XOP', # energy
'XLF','KBE','KCE','KIE','IPF','KRE', # financials
'XLV','XBI','XHE','XHS','IRY','XPH', # healthcare
'XLI','XAR','IPN','XTN', # industrial
'XLB','IRV','XME', # materials
'XLK','MTK','IPK','XSD','XSW', # technology
'IST','XTL', # telecom
'IPU','XLU' # utilities
]
stock_list = [Broad_mkts, Large_cap, Mid_cap, Small_cap, Global, Asia, Europe, Latam, Africa, Real_assets, Sector]
# ~~~ Category structure ~~~ #
cat = {'Broad_Market' :['THRK','RSCO'],
'Large_Cap' :['ONEK','SPY','SPYG','SPYV'],
'Mid_Cap' :['MDY','MDYG', 'MDYV'],
'Small_Cap' :['TWOK','SLY','SLYG','SLYV'],
'Global_Equity' :['DGT','BIK','GMM','EWX','CWI','GII','GNR','DWX','GWL','MDD','GWX'],
'AsiaPac_Equity' :['JPP','JSC','GXC','GMF'],
'Europe_Equity' :['FEZ','GUR','RBL','FEU'],
'Latam_MidEast_Africa' :['GML','GAF'],
'Real_Estate' :['RWO','RWX','RWR'],
'Consumer_Discretionary':['XLY','XHB','IPD','XRT'],
'Consumer_Staples' :['XLP','IPS'],
'Energy' :['XLE','IPW','XES','XOP'],
'Financials' :['XLF','KBE','KCE','KIE','IPF','KRE'],
'Healthcare' :['XLV','XBI','XHE','XHS','IRY','XPH'],
'Industrial' :['XLI','XAR','IPN','XTN'],
'Materials' :['XLB','IRV','XME'],
'Technology' :['XLK','MTK','IPK','XSD','XSW'],
'Telecom' :['IST','XTL'],
'Utilities' :['IPU','XLU']
}
filepath = r'C:\Users\Owner\Documents\Visual_Studio_2013\Projects\iVC_Reporting_Engine\PythonApplication2\\'
# ================================================================== #
# get prices
def get_px(stock, start, end):
'''
Function to call Pandas' Yahoo Finance API to get daily stock prices.
'''
try:
return web.DataReader(stock, 'yahoo', start, end)['Adj Close']
except Exception as e:
print( 'something is fucking up' )
px = pd.DataFrame()
for category in stock_list:
for stock in category:
px[stock] = get_px( stock, one_year_ago, date_today )
# ================================================================== #
# construct dataframe and proper multi index
log_rets = np.log( px / px.shift(1) ).dropna()
lrets = log_rets.T.copy()
lrets.index.name = 'ETF'
lrets['Category'] = pd.Series()
for cat_key, etf_val in cat.items():
for val in etf_val:
if val in lrets.index:
idx_loc = lrets.index.get_loc(val)
lrets.ix[idx_loc,'Category'] = cat_key
else:
pass
lrets.set_index('Category', append=True, inplace=True)
lrets = lrets.swaplevel('ETF','Category').sortlevel('Category')
# lrets.head()
# ================================================================== #
# cumulative returns of ETF's
cum_rets = lrets.groupby(level='Category').cumsum(axis=1)
# cum_rets.head()
# ================================================================== #
# composite groupings of cumulative ETF returns (equally weighted intra-category mean returns)
composite_rets = pd.DataFrame()
for label in cat.keys():
composite_rets[label] = cum_rets.ix[label].mean(axis=0) # equal weighted mean
comp_rets = np.round(composite_rets.copy(),4) # rounding
# ~~~~~ Additional risk and return computations ~~~~~ #
# ================================================================== #
# composite rolling std
sigmas = lrets.groupby(level='Category').std() # equal weighted std
composite_sigs = pd.DataFrame()
for label in cat.keys():
composite_sigs[label] = sigmas.ix[label]
rsigs = pd.rolling_mean( composite_sigs, window=60 ).dropna()*np.sqrt(60)
# ================================================================== #
# composite rolling risk adjusted returns
mean_rets = lrets.groupby(level='Category').mean() # equal weighted mean
composite_risk_rets = pd.DataFrame()
for label in cat.keys():
composite_risk_rets[label] = mean_rets.ix[label]
rs = pd.rolling_mean( composite_risk_rets, window=60 ).dropna()
risk_rets = rs/rsigs
# ================================================================== #
# correlation matrix of composite ETF groups' risk adjusted returns
cor = risk_rets.corr()
# ================================================================== #
# import ICC estimates
frame = pd.read_csv( filepath+'Spdr_ICC_est_{}.csv'.format(date_today)) #.dropna()
pre_frame = pd.read_csv( filepath+'Spdr_ICC_est_{}.csv'.format(prev_date_today.date()), index_col=0 ) #.dropna()
# ================================================================== #
# group ICC data by category
# ~~~~ setup current estimates
f = frame.copy()
grp = f.groupby('Category')
grp_mean = grp.mean().sort('ETF_ICC_est', ascending=False)
grp_mean_rnd = grp_mean['ETF_ICC_est'].round(3)
grp_mean = pd.DataFrame( grp_mean_rnd )
# ~~~~ setup last updates' estimates
pre_f = pre_frame[['ETF_ICC_est','Category']]
pre_grp = pre_f.groupby('Category')
pre_grp_mean = pre_grp.mean().sort('ETF_ICC_est', ascending=False)
pre_grp_mean = np.round( pre_grp_mean, 3 )
# ~~~~ setup combined dataframe using current df est.
gm_cols = ['Current ICC Est', 'Rank', 'Previous ICC Est', 'Previous Rank', 'Change in Rank']
grp_mean['Rank'] = grp_mean.rank(ascending=False, method='dense')
grp_mean['Previous ICC est'] = pre_grp_mean
grp_mean['Previous Rank'] = pre_grp_mean.rank(ascending=False, method='dense')
grp_mean['Change in Ranking'] = grp_mean['Previous Rank'] - grp_mean['Rank']
grp_mean.columns = gm_cols
grp_mean
Current ICC Est | Rank | Previous ICC Est | Previous Rank | Change in Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | |||||
Mid_Cap | 1.891 | 1 | 0.132 | 13 | 12 |
Broad_Market | 0.263 | 2 | 0.130 | 15 | 13 |
Europe_Equity | 0.242 | 3 | 0.234 | 1 | -2 |
Financials | 0.232 | 4 | 0.228 | 2 | -2 |
Energy | 0.228 | 5 | 0.187 | 5 | 0 |
Materials | 0.209 | 6 | 0.177 | 7 | 1 |
AsiaPac_Equity | 0.209 | 6 | 0.202 | 3 | -3 |
Utilities | 0.204 | 7 | 0.190 | 4 | -3 |
Global_Equity | 0.191 | 8 | 0.183 | 6 | -2 |
Latam_MidEast_Africa | 0.173 | 9 | 0.171 | 8 | -1 |
Industrial | 0.145 | 10 | 0.140 | 9 | -1 |
Large_Cap | 0.141 | 11 | 0.133 | 12 | 1 |
Real_Estate | 0.140 | 12 | 0.135 | 11 | -1 |
Telecom | 0.139 | 13 | 0.135 | 11 | -2 |
Small_Cap | 0.139 | 13 | 0.136 | 10 | -3 |
Consumer_Discretionary | 0.132 | 14 | 0.131 | 14 | 0 |
Technology | 0.126 | 15 | 0.122 | 16 | 1 |
Consumer_Staples | 0.115 | 16 | 0.114 | 17 | 1 |
Healthcare | 0.108 | 17 | 0.109 | 18 | 1 |
NOTE: The Midcap composite is currently providing an unusable result. I'm still digging into the issue but it appears to be a combination of factors primarily arising from a change or mismatch in data from Spdrs.com. The Price/Book ratio is unrealistically small for some reason (<0.4)
which I suspect is an error.
def z_score(df):
return ( df - df.mean() ) / df.std()
z_grp = z_score(grp_mean['Current ICC Est'])
plt.figure()
size = (10, 8)
z_grp.plot('barh', figsize=size, alpha=.8)
plt.axvline(0, color='k')
plt.title('Z-Score of ICC Estimates by Category', fontsize=20, fontweight='demibold')
plt.xlabel('$\sigma$', fontsize=24)
plt.ylabel('Category', fontsize=16, fontweight='demibold')
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)
# ================================================================== #
# construct dataframe and proper multi index
log_rets_recent = np.log( px.ix[prev_date_today.date():] / px.ix[prev_date_today.date():].shift(1) ).dropna()
lrets_recent = log_rets_recent.T.copy()
lrets_recent.index.name = 'ETF'
lrets_recent['Category'] = pd.Series()
for cat_key, etf_val in cat.items():
for val in etf_val:
if val in lrets_recent.index:
idx_loc = lrets_recent.index.get_loc(val)
lrets_recent.ix[idx_loc,'Category'] = cat_key
else:
pass
lrets_recent.set_index('Category', append=True, inplace=True)
lrets_recent = lrets_recent.swaplevel('ETF','Category').sortlevel('Category')
lrets_recent.head()
# ================================================================== #
# cumulative returns of ETF's
cum_rets_recent = lrets_recent.groupby(level='Category').cumsum(axis=1)
cum_rets_recent.head();
# ================================================================== #
# composite groupings of cumulative ETF returns (equally weighted intra-category mean returns)
composite_rets_recent = pd.DataFrame()
for label in cat.keys():
composite_rets_recent[label] = cum_rets_recent.ix[label].mean(axis=0) # equal weighted mean
crr = np.round(composite_rets_recent.copy(),4) # rounding
# ================================================================== #
import matplotlib
from matplotlib.ticker import FuncFormatter
def to_percent(y, position):
# Ignore the passed in position. This has the effect of scaling the default
# tick locations.
s = str(100 * y)
# The percent symbol needs escaping in latex
if matplotlib.rcParams['text.usetex'] == True:
return s + r'$\%$'
else:
return s + '%'
# ================================================================== #
# Create the formatter using the function to_percent. This multiplies all the default labels by 100
formatter = FuncFormatter(to_percent)
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
# setup bar returns dataframe
bar_rets = crr.ix[-1:].T.sort() #'{}'.format(date_today - 3 * BDay()) ) # Thurs was holiday
bar_rets = bar_rets.reset_index()
dt_txt_fmt = '[{pm}.{prd} - {m}.{d}]'.format(pm=pre_d_mon, prd=pre_d_day,m=d_mon,d=d_day)
cols = ['index', dt_txt_fmt]
bar_rets.columns = cols
bar_rets = bar_rets.set_index('index', drop=True)
bar_rets = bar_rets.sort(dt_txt_fmt)
bar_rets
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
# plot code
f = plt.figure(figsize=size)
order = bar_rets[dt_txt_fmt].argsort() # bug in seaborn; needed to order barplot correctly
odr = order.index.tolist()
sns.barplot( x=bar_rets.index, y=bar_rets[dt_txt_fmt], x_order=odr, palette='RdBu')
plt.xticks(rotation=77)
plt.axhline(0, color='k')
plt.title('Cumulative Log Returns {}'.format(dt_txt_fmt), fontsize=20, fontweight='demibold')
#plt.xticks(bar_rets.index, bar_rets['index'])
plt.xlabel('Category', fontsize=16, fontweight='demibold')
plt.ylabel('Log Returns', fontsize=16, fontweight='demibold')
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)
plt.gca().yaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
# ================================================================== #
# Create log return dataframe ranking comparison to last period
# ~~~~ setup current df of log returns ranking
curr_lrets = bar_rets.copy()
curr_grp = curr_lrets # already grouped #curr_grp = curr_lrets.groupby('index')
curr_grp_mean = curr_grp.sort(dt_txt_fmt, ascending=False)
curr_grp_mean.to_csv(filepath + 'Cum Log Returns ranks_{}.csv'.format(date_today))
# ~~~~ setup previous df of log return ranking
prev_dt_txt_fmt = '[{ppm}.{pprd} - {pm}.{prd}]'.format(ppm=pprev_d_mon, pprd=pprev_d_day, pm=pre_d_mon, prd=pre_d_day)
# import previous cumulative returns
pre_lrets = pd.read_csv( filepath+'Cum Log Returns_ranks_{}.csv'.format(prev_date_today.date()), index_col=0).dropna()
#pre_lrets # columns: ['Cum. log returns [pprev_month.pprev_day - prev_month.prev_day]','Rank']
# ~~~~ setup combined dataframe using current log return rankings
lret_rank_cols = ['Current Cum. Returns {}'.format(dt_txt_fmt), 'Rank', 'Previous Cum. Returns {}'.format(prev_dt_txt_fmt), 'Previous Rank', 'Change in Rank']
curr_grp_mean['Rank'] = curr_grp_mean.rank(ascending=False, method='dense')
curr_grp_mean['Previous Cum. Returns'] = pre_lrets['Cum. log returns {}'.format(prev_dt_txt_fmt)]
curr_grp_mean['Previous Rank'] = pre_lrets['Rank']
curr_grp_mean['Change in Ranking'] = curr_grp_mean['Previous Rank'] - curr_grp_mean['Rank']
curr_grp_mean.columns = lret_rank_cols
curr_grp_mean.index.name = 'Category'
curr_grp_mean
Current Cum. Returns [6.15 - 7.6] | Rank | Previous Cum. Returns [5.25 - 6.15] | Previous Rank | Change in Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | |||||
Healthcare | 0.0096 | 1 | 0.0158 | 3 | 2 |
Consumer_Staples | 0.0016 | 2 | -0.0133 | 12 | 10 |
Consumer_Discretionary | -0.0028 | 3 | 0.0055 | 8 | 5 |
Latam_MidEast_Africa | -0.0081 | 4 | -0.0282 | 18 | 14 |
Broad_Market | -0.0082 | 5 | 0.0058 | 6 | 1 |
Real_Estate | -0.0084 | 6 | -0.0245 | 16 | 10 |
Large_Cap | -0.0085 | 7 | -0.0026 | 9 | 2 |
Utilities | -0.0091 | 8 | -0.0275 | 17 | 9 |
Small_Cap | -0.0114 | 9 | 0.0233 | 2 | -7 |
Financials | -0.0130 | 10 | 0.0309 | 1 | -9 |
Mid_Cap | -0.0154 | 11 | 0.0056 | 7 | -4 |
Industrial | -0.0291 | 12 | -0.0048 | 10 | -2 |
Technology | -0.0315 | 13 | 0.0062 | 5 | -8 |
AsiaPac_Equity | -0.0344 | 14 | -0.0227 | 15 | 1 |
Global_Equity | -0.0352 | 15 | -0.0195 | 14 | -1 |
Telecom | -0.0365 | 16 | 0.0098 | 4 | -12 |
Europe_Equity | -0.0433 | 17 | -0.0308 | 19 | 2 |
Materials | -0.0681 | 18 | -0.0091 | 11 | -7 |
Energy | -0.0776 | 19 | -0.0152 | 13 | -6 |
# last 21 days average category risk adjusted returns
date_mask = last_month
l_month = risk_rets.ix[date_mask:].mean().order(ascending=False)
l_month
# z scored and plotted
z_l_21 = z_score(l_month)
plt.figure()
z_l_21.plot('barh', figsize=size, color='r', alpha=.5)
plt.axvline(0, color='k')
plt.title('Z-Score of Average Risk-Adjusted Returns [Last 21 days]', fontsize=20, fontweight='demibold')
plt.xlabel('$\sigma$', fontsize=24)
plt.ylabel('Category', fontsize=16, fontweight='demibold')
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)
z_data = pd.DataFrame()
z_data['Z_ICC estimates'] = z_grp
z_data['Z_risk adj returns'] = z_l_21
cadet_blue = '#4e7496'
fig = plt.figure()
with pd.plot_params.use('x_compat', True):
z_data['Z_ICC estimates'].plot('barh', figsize=size, color=cadet_blue)
z_data['Z_risk adj returns'].plot('barh',figsize=size, color='r', alpha=.5)
plt.axvline(0, color='k')
plt.title('Z-Scores Comparison', fontsize=20, fontweight='demibold')
plt.xlabel('$\sigma$', fontsize=24, fontweight='demibold')
plt.ylabel('Category', fontsize=16)
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)
plt.legend(loc='best', prop={'weight':'demibold','size':12})
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0xa105dd8>
Fed
will and must raise rates eventually. To do otherwise is extremely risky and likely short-sighted. Consider what happens in an economic downturn if rates still remain at/near zero. That would effectively leave the Fed
with only QE
as a policy response. This would go against the Federal Reserve's
stated position that QE
is reserved for extraordinary economic situations.# ~~~~~ plot code ~~~~~
# function to create Plotly 'Layout' object
def create_layout( main_title, y_title ):
'''
Function to create custom Plotly layout object to pass to Cufflinks df.iplot() method
Parameters:
==========
main_title = type('str')
y_title = type('str')
Returns:
========
plotly_layout = Plotly Layout object basically constructed using a JSON or Dict structure
'''
plotly_layout = Layout(
# ~~~~ construct main title
title=main_title,
font=Font(
family='Open Sans, sans-serif',
size=14,
color='SteelBlue'
),
# ~~~~ construct X axis
xaxis=XAxis(
title='$Date$',
titlefont=Font(
family='Open Sans, sans-serif',
size=14,
color='SteelBlue'
),
showticklabels=True,
tickangle=-30,
tickfont=Font(
family='Open Sans, sans-serif',
size=11,
color='black'
),
exponentformat='e',
showexponent='All'
),
# ~~~~ construct Y axis
yaxis=YAxis(
title= y_title,
titlefont=Font(
family='Open Sans, sans-serif',
size=14,
color='SteelBlue'
),
showticklabels=True,
tickangle=0,
tickfont=Font(
family='Open Sans, sans-serif',
size=11,
color='black'
),
exponentformat='e',
showexponent='All'),
# ~~~~ construct figure size
autosize=False,
width=850,
height=500,
margin=Margin(
l=50,
r=20,
b=60,
t=50,
pad=2
),
# ~~~~ construct legend
legend=Legend(
y=0.5,
#traceorder='reversed',
font=Font(
family='Open Sans, sans-serif',
size=9,
color='Black'
),
)
)
return plotly_layout
# test the function
title = '<b>Cumulative Log Returns of Composite ETF Sectors [1 Year]</b>'
y_label = '$Returns$'
custom_layout_1 = create_layout( title, y_label )
comp_rets.iplot(theme='white',filename='{}_{}'.format(title, date_today), layout=custom_layout_1, world_readable=True)
# ~~~~~ plot code
title = '<b>60-Day Rolling Standard Deviation</b>'
#y_label = r'$return \ \sigma$'
y_label = r'$\sigma \ of \ returns$'
custom_layout_2 = create_layout( title, y_label )
rsigs.iplot(theme='white',filename='{}_{}'.format(title, date_today), layout=custom_layout_2, world_readable=True)
# ~~~~~ plot code
title = r'<b>60 day Moving Average of Composite Risk-Adjusted Returns</b>'
y_label = '$\mu/\sigma$$'
custom_layout_3 = create_layout( title, y_label )
risk_rets.iplot(theme='white', filename='{}_{}'.format(title, date_today), layout=custom_layout_3, world_readable=True)
f = plt.figure()
sns.clustermap(cor, figsize=(12,12))
plt.title('Composite ETF Group Correlation ClusterMap', fontsize=16, loc='left')
plt.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=14)
<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9e475c0>
# ================================================================== #
# correlation matrix of composite ETF groups' risk adjusted returns
# ~~ plot code
f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,12))
cmap = sns.diverging_palette(h_neg=12, h_pos=144, s=91, l=44, sep=29, n=12, center='light',as_cmap=True)
sns.corrplot(cor, annot=True, sig_stars=False, diag_names=False, cmap=cmap, ax=ax)
ax.set_title('Composite ETF Group Correlation Matrix', fontsize=18)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(13)
f.tight_layout()
I conclude this analysis with the disclaimer that these calculations are presented "as is"
and the data was aggregated from several sources. I recommend doing your own due diligence before taking any investment action and to stay within your personal risk/return objectives.
I expect to refine this model as necessary to improve its utility as a macro valuation tool. Please contact me to report any errors.
bcr@blackarbs.com
¶@blackarbsCEO
¶Data Sources: Yahoo Finance, S&P SPDR ETFs
Acknowledgements: Ipython Notebook styling modded from Plotly and Cam Davidson-Pilon custom CSS
from IPython.core.display import HTML
HTML('''<script>
code_show=true;
function code_toggle() {
if (code_show){
$('div.input').hide();
} else {
$('div.input').show();
}
code_show = !code_show
}
$( document ).ready(code_toggle);
</script>
The raw code for this IPython notebook is by default hidden for easier reading.
To toggle on/off the raw code, click <a href="javascript:code_toggle()">here</a>.''')
from IPython.core.display import HTML
import requests
styles = requests.get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BlackArbsCEO/BlackArbsCEO.github.io/Equity-Analysis/Equity%20Analysis/custom.css")
HTML(styles.text)