import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy import *
def cosd(a):
return cos(a*pi/180)
def sind(a):
return sin(a*pi/180)
def calculate_directivity(theta, phi, F):
dtheta = pi/len(theta[:,0])
dphi = 2*pi/len(phi[0,:])
DIR = 0
for F_loop, theta_loop in zip(F.flatten(), theta.flatten()):
DIR = DIR + F_loop**2*abs(sind(theta_loop))*dtheta*dphi
DIR = 4*pi/DIR #max value
D = F**2*DIR #directivity pattern
# note that with low resolution, the directivity calculation is not super accurate. with 50*50 matrices hertzian dipole has D = 1.895 dB, with 3000*3000 matrix D = 1.762 dB (correct value)
return (D, DIR)
def calculate_radiation(dipoles, phiV, thetaV, r = 100):
'''
Calculates the radiation properties from an array of short dipoles
theta and phi are 2D matrices that contain the values as indicated in the name. Create with numpy.meshgrid()
dipoles = [ {'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False}]
r = distance in far field
returns D, DIR, AR (=directivity pattern, max directivity, axial ratio from -1 to 1)
'''
phi, theta = np.meshgrid(phiV, thetaV)
Et = 0*theta #initialize variables, add fields linearly together
Ep = 0*theta
## eq 12, http://iris.elf.stuba.sk/JEEEC/data/pdf/07-08_102-05.pdf
for dipole in dipoles:
d = sqrt((r*sind(theta)*cosd(phi)-dipole['location'][0])**2+(r*sind(theta)*sind(phi)-dipole['location'][1])**2+(r*cosd(theta)-dipole['location'][2])**2)
if dipole['magnetic']:
# $E = -\frac{ k_0 \times H }{ \omega\epsilon_0}$
Ht = exp(-1j*2*pi*d)*dipole['strength']*(cosd(dipole['theta'])*sind(theta) - cosd(theta)*cosd(phi-dipole['phi'])*sind(dipole['theta']))
Ep = Ep - Ht
Hp = exp(-1j*2*pi*d)*dipole['strength']*sind(dipole['theta'])*sind(phi-dipole['phi'])
Et = Et + Hp
else:
#electric dipole
Et = Et + exp(-1j*2*pi*d)*dipole['strength']*(cosd(dipole['theta'])*sind(theta) - cosd(theta)*cosd(phi-dipole['phi'])*sind(dipole['theta']))
Ep = Ep + exp(-1j*2*pi*d)*dipole['strength']*sind(dipole['theta'])*sind(phi-dipole['phi'])
F = sqrt(abs(Et)**2+abs(Ep)**2)
F = F/F.max()
divisor = (Et*conj(Et)+Ep*conj(Ep))
divisor[abs(divisor)<1e-15] = 1e-15
#p = (Et*conj(Ep)-Ep*conj(Et))/(1j*(Et*conj(Et)+Ep*conj(Ep))) #divisor is from this row, just to avoid division by zero
p = (Et*conj(Ep)-Ep*conj(Et))/divisor
p[abs(p)<1e-15] = 1e-15 #avoid division by 0
AR = sign(p)*abs((1-sqrt(1-abs(p)**2))/abs(p))
AR = AR.real #AR is always real because of conjugates above, this gets rid of 0j in every cell
D, DIR = calculate_directivity(theta, phi, F)
return (D, DIR, AR)
def plot_radiation(D, DIR, AR, phiV, thetaV):
plt.figure()
plt.pcolormesh(phiV, thetaV, D, cmap=plt.cm.jet)
plt.gca().invert_yaxis() #theta=0 on top
plt.colorbar()
plt.title('Directivity, linear scale')
plt.figure()
plt.pcolormesh(phiV, thetaV, AR, vmin=-1, vmax=1, cmap=plt.cm.jet)
plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
plt.colorbar()
plt.title('Axial Ratio, linear scale (-1 = LHCP, 0 = linear, +1 = RHCP)')
#polar plot representation of the same thing
theta_vector = np.concatenate((thetaV, thetaV+180)) #concatenate combines two 2D vectors
theta_vector = theta_vector*pi/180
# directivity
plt.figure()
#concatenate combines two 2D vectors
#argmin(abs(phiV-180)) finds the index in the phiV array where phiV is closest to 180 degrees
#[::-1] inverts the order of the array
D_vector = np.concatenate((D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-0))], D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-180))][::-1]))
plt.polar(theta_vector, D_vector, 'b-', label='D, $\phi=0\degree$')
D_vector = np.concatenate((D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-90))], D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-270))][::-1]))
plt.polar(theta_vector, D_vector, 'r-', label='D, $\phi=90\degree$')
plt.gca().set_theta_zero_location("N")
plt.legend()
plt.figure()
#AR
AR_vector = np.concatenate((AR[:,argmin(abs(phiV-0))], AR[:,argmin(abs(phiV-180))][::-1]))
plt.polar(theta_vector, AR_vector, 'b-', label='AR, $\phi=0\degree$')
AR_vector = np.concatenate((AR[:,argmin(abs(phiV-90))], AR[:,argmin(abs(phiV-270))][::-1]))
plt.polar(theta_vector, AR_vector, 'r-', label='AR, $\phi=90\degree$')
plt.gca().set_theta_zero_location("N") #theta = 0 in top
plt.gca().set_ylim(0,1)
plt.legend()
phiV = np.arange(0, 360, 3)
thetaV = np.arange(0, 180.01, 3) #.01 means that also 180deg is included
#choose a set of dipoles by uncommenting or writing your own
'''dipoles = [
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
]'''
'''dipoles = [ #linear "yagi"
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,-0.25], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False}
]'''
'''dipoles = [ #two crossed dipoles
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False}
]
dipoles = [ #two crossed dipoles and a single low power reflector
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 0.5j, 'location':[0,0,-0.25], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False}
]
dipoles = [ #LHCP chiral antenna
{'strength': -1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': -1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':True},
{'strength': -1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':True}
]
dipoles = [ #circular yagi
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1*1j, 'location':[0,0,-0.25], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j*1j, 'location':[0,0,-0.25], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1*(-1j), 'location':[0,0,0.25], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j*(-1j), 'location':[0,0,0.25], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False}
]
dipoles = [
{'strength': -1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':True},
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':True}
]
'''
dipoles = [ #two crossed dipoles and a single low power reflector
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': -1j, 'location':[0.5,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':90, 'magnetic':1},
{'strength': 0.5j, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False}
]
D, DIR, AR = calculate_radiation(dipoles, phiV, thetaV)
print('directivity = {:.2f} = {:.2} dB'.format(DIR, 10*log10(DIR)))
plot_radiation(D, DIR, AR, phiV, thetaV)
directivity = 2.87 = 4.6 dB
# An array of two horizontal electric dipole antennas that are fed with the same phase and amplitude
# the distance is varied from 0 to 1 wavelength in a loop
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
#polar plot representation of the same thing
theta_vector = np.concatenate((thetaV, thetaV+180)) #concatenate combines two 2D vectors
theta_vector = theta_vector*pi/180
for k, dist in enumerate(np.arange(0, 1.01, 0.1)):
dipoles = [ #two crossed dipoles and a single low power reflector
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,dist], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False},
{'strength': 1, 'location':[0,0,0], 'theta':90, 'phi':0, 'magnetic':False}
]
D, DIR, AR = calculate_radiation(dipoles, phiV, thetaV)
print('directivity = {:.2f} = {:.2} dB'.format(DIR, 10*log10(DIR)))
# directivity
plt.subplot(3,4,k+1, polar=True)
#concatenate combines two 2D vectors
#argmin(abs(phiV-180)) finds the index in the phiV array where phiV is closest to 180 degrees
#[::-1] inverts the order of the array
#D_vector = np.concatenate((D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-0))], D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-180))][::-1]))
#plt.polar(theta_vector, D_vector, 'b-', label='D, $\phi=0\degree$, dist=${:.2f} \lambda$'.format(dist))
D_vector = np.concatenate((D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-90))], D[:,argmin(abs(phiV-270))][::-1]))
plt.polar(theta_vector, D_vector, 'r-', label='D, $\phi=90\degree$')
plt.gca().set_theta_zero_location("N") #theta = 0 in top
#plt.legend()
ax=plt.gca()
ax.set_rlim(0,5)
plt.title('${:.1f} \lambda$'.format(dist), loc='right')
directivity = 1.53 = 1.8 dB directivity = 1.59 = 2.0 dB directivity = 1.78 = 2.5 dB directivity = 2.16 = 3.3 dB directivity = 2.76 = 4.4 dB directivity = 3.60 = 5.6 dB directivity = 4.37 = 6.4 dB directivity = 4.56 = 6.6 dB directivity = 4.09 = 6.1 dB directivity = 3.44 = 5.4 dB directivity = 2.94 = 4.7 dB