Tensor Management with NumPy¶

NumPy is a Python library providing support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.

In [2]:

# Import the NumPy package under the alias "np"
import numpy as np

Tensors¶

In the context of data science, a tensor is a set of primitive values (almost always numbers) shaped into an array of any number of dimensions.

Tensors are the core data structures for machine learning.

Tensor properties¶

A tensor's rank is its number of dimensions.
A dimension is often called an axis.
The tensor's shape describes the number of entries along each axis.

Scalars (0D tensors)¶

In [3]:

x = np.array(12)
print(x)
print('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

12
Dimensions: 0
Shape: ()

Vectors (1D tensors)¶

In [4]:

x = np.array([12, 3, 6, 14])
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[12  3  6 14]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (4,)

Matrices (2D tensors)¶

In [5]:

x = np.array([[5, 78, 2, 34, 0],
              [6, 79, 3, 35, 1],
              [7, 80, 4, 36, 2]])
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[ 5 78  2 34  0]
 [ 6 79  3 35  1]
 [ 7 80  4 36  2]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (3, 5)

3D tensors¶

In [6]:

x = np.array([[[5, 78, 2, 34, 0],
               [6, 79, 3, 35, 1]],
              [[5, 78, 2, 34, 0],
               [6, 79, 3, 35, 1]],
              [[5, 78, 2, 34, 0],
               [6, 79, 3, 35, 1]]])
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[[ 5 78  2 34  0]
  [ 6 79  3 35  1]]

 [[ 5 78  2 34  0]
  [ 6 79  3 35  1]]

 [[ 5 78  2 34  0]
  [ 6 79  3 35  1]]]
Dimensions: 3
Shape: (3, 2, 5)

Tensor shape management¶

The number of entries along a specific axis is also called dimension, which can be somewhat confusing.

A 3 dimensions vector is not the same as a 3 dimensions tensor.

In [7]:

x = np.array([12, 3, 6]) # x is a 3 dimensions vector (1D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[12  3  6]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (3,)

Tensors with single-dimensional entries¶

In [8]:

x = np.array([[12, 3, 6, 14]]) # x is a one row matrix (2D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[12  3  6 14]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (1, 4)

In [9]:

x = np.array([[12], [3], [6], [14]]) # x is a one column matrix (2D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[12]
 [ 3]
 [ 6]
 [14]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (4, 1)

Removing single-dimensional entries from a tensor¶

In [10]:

x = np.array([[12, 3, 6, 14]])
x = np.squeeze(x) # x is now a vector (1D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[12  3  6 14]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (4,)

In [11]:

x = np.array([[12], [3], [6], [14]])
x = np.squeeze(x) # x is now a vector (1D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[12  3  6 14]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (4,)

Reshaping a tensor¶

In [12]:

# Reshape a (3, 2) matrix into a (2, 3) matrix
x = np.array([[1, 2],
              [3, 4],
              [5, 6]])
x = x.reshape(2, 3)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (2, 3)

In [13]:

# Reshape a matrix into a vector
x = np.array([[1, 2],
              [3, 4],
              [5, 6]])
x = x.reshape(6, )
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[1 2 3 4 5 6]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (6,)

In [14]:

# Reshape a 3D tensor into a matrix
x = np.array([[[5, 6],
               [7, 8]],
              [[9, 10],
               [11, 12]],
              [[13, 14],
               [15, 16]]])
print ('Original dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Original shape: ' + str(x.shape))
x = x.reshape(3, 2*2)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

Original dimensions: 3
Original shape: (3, 2, 2)
[[ 5  6  7  8]
 [ 9 10 11 12]
 [13 14 15 16]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (3, 4)

Adding a dimension to a tensor¶

In [15]:

# Add a dimension to a vector, turning it into a row matrix
x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print ('Original dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Original shape: ' + str(x.shape))
x = x[np.newaxis, :]
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

Original dimensions: 1
Original shape: (3,)
[[1 2 3]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (1, 3)

In [16]:

# Add a dimension to a vector, turning it into a column matrix
x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print ('Original dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Original shape: ' + str(x.shape))
x = x[:, np.newaxis]
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

Original dimensions: 1
Original shape: (3,)
[[1]
 [2]
 [3]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (3, 1)

Transposing a tensor¶

In [17]:

# Transpose a vector (no effect)
x = np.array([12, 3, 6, 14])
x = x.T # alternative syntax: x = np.transpose(x)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[12  3  6 14]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (4,)

In [18]:

# Transpose a matrix
x = np.array([[5, 78, 2, 34],
              [6, 79, 3, 35],
              [7, 80, 4, 36]])
x = x.T
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[ 5  6  7]
 [78 79 80]
 [ 2  3  4]
 [34 35 36]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (4, 3)

Tensor slicing¶

In [19]:

# Slice a vector
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
print(x[:3])
print(x[3:])

[1 2 3]
[4 5 6 7]

In [20]:

# Slice a matrix
x = np.array([[5, 78, 2, 34],
              [6, 79, 3, 35],
              [7, 80, 4, 36]])
print(x[:2, :])
print(x[2:, :])
print(x[:, :2])
print(x[:, 2:])

[[ 5 78  2 34]
 [ 6 79  3 35]]
[[ 7 80  4 36]]
[[ 5 78]
 [ 6 79]
 [ 7 80]]
[[ 2 34]
 [ 3 35]
 [ 4 36]]

Creating tensors¶

NumPy provides several useful functions for initializing tensors with particular values.

Filling a tensor with zeros¶

In [21]:

x = np.zeros(3)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[0. 0. 0.]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (3,)

In [22]:

x = np.zeros((3,4))
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0.]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (3, 4)

Filling a tensor with random numbers¶

Values are sampled from a "normal" (Gaussian) distribution

In [23]:

x = np.random.randn(5,2)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[-0.71322934 -0.20855806]
 [ 0.01650635 -1.17925907]
 [ 0.5661353   0.88020701]
 [ 0.00578376  0.91440026]
 [-0.36185677  0.46671169]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (5, 2)

Operations between tensors¶

Element-wise operations are applied independently to each entry in the tensors being considered.

Other operations, like dot product, combine entries in the input tensors to produce a differently shaped result.

Element-wise addition¶

In [24]:

# Element-wise addition between two vectors
x = np.array([2, 5, 4])
y = np.array([1, -1, 4])
z = x + y
print(z)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(z.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(z.shape))

[3 4 8]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (3,)

Element-wise product¶

In [25]:

# Element-wise product between two matrices (shapes must be identical)
x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], 
              [3, 2, 1]])
y = np.array([[3, 0, 2], 
              [1, 4, -2]])
z = x * y
print(z)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(z.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(z.shape))

[[ 3  0  6]
 [ 3  8 -2]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (2, 3)

Dot product¶

Dot product

In [26]:

# Dot product between two matrices (shapes must be compatible)
x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], 
              [3, 2, 1]]) # x has shape (2, 3)
y = np.array([[3, 0], 
              [2, 1], 
              [4, -2]]) # y has shape (3, 2)
z = np.dot(x, y) # alternative syntax: z = x.dot(y)
print(z)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(z.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(z.shape))

[[19 -4]
 [17  0]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (2, 2)

Broadcasting¶

Broadcasting is a powerful NumPy functionality.

If there is no ambiguity, the smaller tensor can be "broadcasted" implicitly to match the larger tensor's shape before an operation is applied to them.

Broadcasting between a vector and a scalar¶

In [27]:

x = np.array([12, 3, 6, 14])
x = x + 3
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[15  6  9 17]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (4,)

Broadcasting between a matrix and a scalar¶

In [28]:

x = np.array([[0, 1, 2], 
              [-2, 5, 3]])
x = x - 1
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[-1  0  1]
 [-3  4  2]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (2, 3)

Broadcasting between a matrix and a vector¶

In [29]:

x = np.array([[0, 1, 2], 
              [-2, 5, 3]])
y = np.array([1, 2, 3])
z = x + y
print(z)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(z.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(z.shape))

[[ 1  3  5]
 [-1  7  6]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (2, 3)

Summing tensors¶

Summing on all axes¶

In [30]:

x = np.array([[0, 1, 2], 
              [-2, 5, 3]])
x = np.sum(x) # x is now a scalar (0D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

9
Dimensions: 0
Shape: ()

Summing on a specific axis¶

In [31]:

# Sums a matrix on its first axis (rows)
x = np.array([[0, 1, 2], 
              [-2, 5, 3]])
x = np.sum(x, axis=0) # x is now a vector (1D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[-2  6  5]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (3,)

In [32]:

# Sums a matrix on its second axis (columns)
x = np.array([[0, 1, 2], 
              [-2, 5, 3]])
x = np.sum(x, axis=1) # x is now a vector (1D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[3 6]
Dimensions: 1
Shape: (2,)

Keeping tensor dimensions while summing¶

In [33]:

# Sums a matrix on its second axis (columns), keeping the same dimensions
x = np.array([[0, 1, 2], 
              [-2, 5, 3]])
x = np.sum(x, axis=0, keepdims=True) # x is still a matrix (2D tensor)
print(x)
print ('Dimensions: ' + str(x.ndim))
print ('Shape: ' + str(x.shape))

[[-2  6  5]]
Dimensions: 2
Shape: (1, 3)

Normalizing tensor entries¶

In [34]:

x = np.random.randn(3,4)
print(x)
print("Mean: " + str(x.mean(axis=0)))
print("Standard deviation: " + str(x.std(axis=0)))
x -= x.mean(axis=0)
x /= x.std(axis=0)
print(x)
print("Final mean: " + str(x.mean(axis=0)))
print("Final standard deviation: " + str(x.std(axis=0)))

[[-0.68306552 -0.51606135 -0.03604431 -0.18932272]
 [ 1.10231885 -0.23115393 -0.03278724  0.43574405]
 [ 1.08069115 -0.5709149   1.10707078  2.13235445]]
Mean: [ 0.49998149 -0.43937672  0.34607975  0.79292526]
Standard deviation: [0.83658716 0.14892902 0.53810356 0.98089416]
[[-1.4141348  -0.5149072  -0.71013106 -1.00138019]
 [ 0.71999354  1.39813451 -0.70407819 -0.36413838]
 [ 0.69414125 -0.88322731  1.41420924  1.36551857]]
Final mean: [ 7.40148683e-17  3.33066907e-16 -7.40148683e-17  1.48029737e-16]
Final standard deviation: [1. 1. 1. 1.]

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