In [11]:
from __future__ import division


### Exercise1¶

In lecture we saw the function make_first_coeff_nonzero(eqs) that took 3 equations in 3 variables and ensured that the first coefficient of the first equation is nonzero.

Write a general version of this function that would work for every number of equations.

That is, make_first_coeff_nonzero_general(eqs) will take a list of lists of numbers, and change its ordering so that the first number of the first list is nonzero. (You don't have to worry about the case that all lists have their first number zero.)

Here are examples of outputs:

In [8]:
L = [ [1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
make_first_coeff_nonzero_general(L)
L

Out[8]:
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
In [9]:
L = [ [0,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
make_first_coeff_nonzero_general(L)
L

Out[9]:
[[4, 5, 6], [0, 2, 3], [7, 8, 9]]
In [10]:
L = [ [0,1,2,3,4] , [0,5,6,7,8], [0,9,10,11,12],[1,2,4,6,8]]
make_first_coeff_nonzero_general(L)
L

Out[10]:
[[1, 2, 4, 6, 8], [0, 5, 6, 7, 8], [0, 9, 10, 11, 12], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]

### Exercise 2:¶

Write the function solve7(eqs) that solves 7 equations in 7 variables (that is, the equations are in variables $x_0,x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_6$ and for $i=0,1,\ldots,6$ the $i^{th}$ equation has the form $eqs[i][0]x_0+eqs[i][1]x_1 + \cdots + eqs[i][6]x_6 + eqs[i][7]=0$.)

This may seem that it would be very complicated, but you can use the provided function solve6(eqs) that solves 6 equations in 6 variables. You can also use make_first_coeff_nonzero_general as well as the functions multiply_equation and add_equations that actually already work for equations of any number of variables.

In [16]:
def multiply_equation(eq,num):
"""Multiply all coefficients of equation eq by number num.
Return result"""
res = []
for x in eq:
res += [x*num]
return res

In [17]:
def add_equations(eq1,eq2):
"""Add eq1 and eq2. Return result"""
res = []
for i in range(len(eq1)):
res.append(eq1[i]+eq2[i])
return res

In [4]:
# use the following function but don't copy its code!
# you don't need to read or understand the code also
#
# this function takes eqs : a list of 6 lists, where each list has 7 numbers corresponding
# to an equation of the form a_0x_0+a_1x_1+...+a_5x_5+a_6 = 0
# the function returns a solution of these equations: a list of 6 numbers corresponding to the
# values of the variables x_0,...,x_6
import numpy as np
def solve6(eqs):
A = np.ndarray([6,6])
for i in range(6):
for j in range(6):
A[i,j] = eqs[i][j]
b = np.ndarray([6,1])
for i in range(6):
b[i,0] = -eqs[i][6]
C = np.linalg.inv(A)
sol = np.dot(C,b)
return [round(sol[i,0],3) for i in range(6)]

In [8]:
solve7( [ [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1],
[-1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 27],
[1, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 2],
[1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, -1, 19],
[0, -1, 0, -1, -1, 0, 1, -12],
[-1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 1, -1, -7],
[-1, 0, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 9]
])

Out[8]:
[1.0, 4.0, -5.0, -9.0, -8.0, 3.0, -1.0]
In [9]:
solve7( [ [1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, -1, 16],
[1, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -6],
[0, 1, 0, -1, -1, 0, -1, -7],
[-1, 1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, -13],
[-1, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, -1, -7],
[-1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, -7],
[-1, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 7]
])

Out[9]:
[-5.0, -2.0, 3.0, -3.0, -4.0, 6.0, -2.0]
In [10]:
solve7( [ [0, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -8],
[0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, -9],
[-1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, -7],
[0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 9],
[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, -1, -1, -6],
[-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 9],
[1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 1, -1]
])

Out[10]:
[0.0, -5.0, -8.0, -9.0, 6.0, -5.0, -3.0]

### Exercise 3:¶

Write a function solve(eqs) that can solve $n$ equations in $n$ variables for every number $n$. In particular it should be the case that if you have 3 equations in 3 variables then it would hold that solve(eqs)==solve3(eqs), if you have 4 equations in 4 variables then solve(eqs)=solve4(eqs) and if you have 7 equations in 7 variables then solve(eqs)==solve7(eqs)

Hint: Use recursion: when given as input $n$ equations in $n$ variables solve should work on these equations to reduce the task to solving $n-1$ equations on $n-1$ variables, at which point it can call itself to do so.

Here are some input examples:

In [123]:
solve( [ [-1, 1, -1, 1, 0, -2],
[-1, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1],
[1, -1, 0, 0, -1, -4],
[-1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 5],
[-1, -1, 0, -1, -1, -10]
])

Out[123]:
[-7.0, -4.0, 9.0, 8.0, -7.0]
In [126]:
solve( [ [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 8],
[1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 12],
[0, 1, 1, -1, 0, -4],
[-1, -1, 0, 1, -1, 18],
[1, -1, 1, 0, 1, -36]
])

Out[126]:
[10.0, -10.0, 6.0, -8.0, 10.0]
In [128]:
solve( [ [1, 1, 0, -1, 1, -1, -11],
[1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -19],
[0, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -10],
[0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 6],
[0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -4],
[-1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 13]
])

Out[128]:
[3.0, 3.0, -10.0, -4.0, -2.0, -3.0]
In [132]:
solve( [ [1, -1, 0, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 9],
[-1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -15],
[1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 0, -1, 11],
[-1, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 11],
[1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 0, -5],
[-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 1, -14],
[1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 9],
[1, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, -26]
])

Out[132]:
[-3.0, -1.0, -10.0, 7.0, 0.0, -6.0, -4.0, -2.0]
In [138]:
solve( [ [0, -1, -1, -16],
[0, -1, 0, -6],
[-1, 0, 0, 0]
])

Out[138]:
[0.0, -6.0, -10.0]