# Curve Fitting using scipy¶

One of the most important common tasks a physicist (and even chemists) has to do is to fit experimental
data to a theoretical model. In this notebook, I'll demonstrate how to fit data to a theoretical model,
and show a second example that illustrates one of the common pitfalls in curve fitting (not converging
to an acceptable fit) and how to remedy the situation.

Because I don't want to deal with the reading in of a datafile in this notebook (just so we can focus
on the curve fitting), I will generate some fake data by adding random noise to an analytic function.
This function is actually our model function for fitting our data. When you go to fit data from an actual
experiment, you'll need to create your own custom function, and the scipy curve_fit routine will use this
function to fit your data.

So, here are the needed libraries and our fitting function (which we'll also use to generate fake data):

In [1]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

def fitFunc(t, a, b, c):
return a*np.exp(-b*t) + c


Now we create (1) a numpy array (t) with 50 linearly spaced points between 0 and 4,
(2) a numpy array (temp) with 50 temperatures using a = 5.0, b = 1.5, and c = 0.5
(3) a numpy array (noisy) with gaussian noise added to the array temp and then,
we use the scipy routine curve_fit to find the best fit parameters in the function fitFunc;
the curve_fit routine returns and array of fit coefficients and a matrix of fit covariances
(the diagonals of which are the squares of the 1 sigma uncertainties on the fit coefficients):

In [2]:
t = np.linspace(0,4,50)
temp = fitFunc(t, 5.0, 1.5, 0.5)
noisy = temp + 0.25*np.random.normal(size=len(temp))
fitParams, fitCovariances = curve_fit(fitFunc, t, noisy)
print ' fit coefficients:\n', fitParams
print ' Covariance matrix:\n', fitCovariances

 fit coefficients:
[ 5.02828769  1.33797451  0.39366536]
Covariance matrix:
[[ 0.0152211   0.00326131 -0.00075234]
[ 0.00326131  0.00494238  0.00267187]
[-0.00075234  0.00267187  0.00277638]]


Here's a plot of the (fake) data and the best fit:

In [9]:
rcParams['figure.figsize'] = 10, 6
plt.ylabel('Temperature (C)', fontsize = 16)
plt.xlabel('time (s)', fontsize = 16)
plt.xlim(0,4.1)
# plot the data as red circles with vertical errorbars
plt.errorbar(t, noisy, fmt = 'ro', yerr = 0.2)
# now plot the best fit curve and also +- 1 sigma curves
# (the square root of the diagonal covariance matrix
# element is the uncertianty on the fit parameter.)
sigma = [sqrt(fitCovariances[0,0]), \
sqrt(fitCovariances[1,1]), \
sqrt(fitCovariances[2,2]) ]
plt.plot(t, fitFunc(t, fitParams[0], fitParams[1], fitParams[2]),\
t, fitFunc(t, fitParams[0] + sigma[0], fitParams[1] - sigma[1], fitParams[2] + sigma[2]),\
t, fitFunc(t, fitParams[0] - sigma[0], fitParams[1] + sigma[1], fitParams[2] - sigma[2])\
)
# save plot to a file
savefig('dataFitted.pdf', bbox_inches=0, dpi=600)


# Another Example with initial guesses for fit parameters¶

The curve_fit routine uses values of 1.0 for intial guesses for the fit parameters.
That worked ok on the previous problem, but sometimes, one is faced with a situation
where the fit will not converge, and in this case, you (as the intelligent user)
must provide an intelligent guess for a starting point.

Here I define some data equally spaced in time, and an array of termperatures
that we hope to fit to an exponential reminiscent of a charging capacitor.
I take this array of temperatures, and add some random noise and also define
error bars on the termperature values:

In [13]:
def cap(x, a, b):
return a*(1-np.exp(b*x))
t = linspace(0.4,2.0, 9)
temps = np.array([13.76, 17.47, 19.95, 21.62, 22.73, 23.48, 23.98, 24.32, 24.54])
temps = temps + 0.4*np.random.normal(size=len(temps))
dTemps = np.array([1.2, 0.9, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5])

In [24]:
# if you run this code, it won't work. Look at the error message that results:
fitParams, fitCovariances = curve_fit(cap, t, temps)
print fitParams
print fitCovariances

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuntimeError                              Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-8ab9b7fc8e96> in <module>()
1 # if you run this code, it won't work. Look at the error message that results:
----> 2 fitParams, fitCovariances = curve_fit(cap, t, temps)
3 print fitParams
4 print fitCovariances

/Volumes/Daiju_1Tb/pauln/Library/Enthought/Canopy_64bit/User/lib/python2.7/site-packages/scipy/optimize/minpack.pyc in curve_fit(f, xdata, ydata, p0, sigma, **kw)
518     if ier not in [1,2,3,4]:
519         msg = "Optimal parameters not found: " + errmsg
--> 520         raise RuntimeError(msg)
521
522     if (len(ydata) > len(p0)) and pcov is not None:

RuntimeError: Optimal parameters not found: Number of calls to function has reached maxfev = 600.

Now I add some initial guesses for a and b; notice the fit now works fine (Think of p0 as an array of Parameter values at t=0):

In [14]:
fitParams, fitCovariances = curve_fit(cap, t, temps, p0 = [25.0, -1.0])
print ' fit coefficients:\n', fitParams
print ' Covariance matrix:\n', fitCovariances

 fit coefficients:
[ 25.34534677  -1.92275824]
Covariance matrix:
[[ 0.08988186  0.01950881]
[ 0.01950881  0.00595283]]

In [20]:
plt.ylabel('Temperature (C)', fontsize = 16)
plt.xlabel('time (s)', fontsize = 16)
plt.xlim(0,2.2)
plt.ylim(12, 26)
errorbar(t, temps, yerr = dTemps, xerr = 0.1, fmt='ro')
plot(t, cap(t, fitParams[0], fitParams[1]),
t, cap(t, fitParams[0] + sqrt(fitCovariances[0,0]), fitParams[1] - sqrt(fitCovariances[1,1])),
t, cap(t, fitParams[0] - sqrt(fitCovariances[0,0]), fitParams[1] + sqrt(fitCovariances[1,1]))
)

Out[20]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x10ed8f190>,
<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x10ed86e50>,
<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x10ed86790>]