class DeBruijnGraph:
''' De Bruijn directed multigraph built from a collection of
strings. User supplies strings and k-mer length k. Nodes
are k-1-mers. An Edge corresponds to the k-mer that joins
a left k-1-mer to a right k-1-mer. '''
@staticmethod
def chop(st, k):
''' Chop string into k-mers of given length '''
for i in range(len(st)-(k-1)):
yield (st[i:i+k], st[i:i+k-1], st[i+1:i+k])
class Node:
''' Node representing a k-1 mer. Keep track of # of
incoming/outgoing edges so it's easy to check for
balanced, semi-balanced. '''
def __init__(self, km1mer):
self.km1mer = km1mer
self.nin = 0
self.nout = 0
def isSemiBalanced(self):
return abs(self.nin - self.nout) == 1
def isBalanced(self):
return self.nin == self.nout
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.km1mer)
def __str__(self):
return self.km1mer
def __init__(self, strIter, k, circularize=False):
''' Build de Bruijn multigraph given string iterator and k-mer
length k '''
self.G = {} # multimap from nodes to neighbors
self.nodes = {} # maps k-1-mers to Node objects
for st in strIter:
if circularize:
st += st[:k-1]
for kmer, km1L, km1R in self.chop(st, k):
nodeL, nodeR = None, None
if km1L in self.nodes:
nodeL = self.nodes[km1L]
else:
nodeL = self.nodes[km1L] = self.Node(km1L)
if km1R in self.nodes:
nodeR = self.nodes[km1R]
else:
nodeR = self.nodes[km1R] = self.Node(km1R)
nodeL.nout += 1
nodeR.nin += 1
self.G.setdefault(nodeL, []).append(nodeR)
# Iterate over nodes; tally # balanced, semi-balanced, neither
self.nsemi, self.nbal, self.nneither = 0, 0, 0
# Keep track of head and tail nodes in the case of a graph with
# Eularian walk (not cycle)
self.head, self.tail = None, None
for node in iter(self.nodes.values()):
if node.isBalanced():
self.nbal += 1
elif node.isSemiBalanced():
if node.nin == node.nout + 1:
self.tail = node
if node.nin == node.nout - 1:
self.head = node
self.nsemi += 1
else:
self.nneither += 1
def nnodes(self):
''' Return # nodes '''
return len(self.nodes)
def nedges(self):
''' Return # edges '''
return len(self.G)
def hasEulerianWalk(self):
''' Return true iff graph has Eulerian walk. '''
return self.nneither == 0 and self.nsemi == 2
def hasEulerianCycle(self):
''' Return true iff graph has Eulerian cycle. '''
return self.nneither == 0 and self.nsemi == 0
def isEulerian(self):
''' Return true iff graph has Eulerian walk or cycle '''
# technically, if it has an Eulerian walk
return self.hasEulerianWalk() or self.hasEulerianCycle()
def eulerianWalkOrCycle(self):
''' Find and return sequence of nodes (represented by
their k-1-mer labels) corresponding to Eulerian walk
or cycle '''
assert self.isEulerian()
g = self.G
if self.hasEulerianWalk():
g = g.copy()
g.setdefault(self.tail, []).append(self.head)
# graph g has an Eulerian cycle
tour = []
src = next(iter(g.keys())) # pick arbitrary starting node
def __visit(n):
while len(g[n]) > 0:
dst = g[n].pop()
__visit(dst)
tour.append(n)
__visit(src)
tour = tour[::-1][:-1] # reverse and then take all but last node
if self.hasEulerianWalk():
# Adjust node list so that it starts at head and ends at tail
sti = tour.index(self.head)
tour = tour[sti:] + tour[:sti]
# Return node list
return list(map(str, tour))
g = DeBruijnGraph(['AAABBBA'], k=3)
g.isEulerian(), g.hasEulerianWalk(), g.hasEulerianCycle()
(True, True, False)
# the figure we drew in class had 4 nodes
g.nnodes()
4
g.eulerianWalkOrCycle()
['AA', 'AB', 'BB', 'BB', 'BA', 'AA']
g = DeBruijnGraph(['AAABBBBA'], k=3) # Add 1 more B to the run of Bs
g.isEulerian(), g.hasEulerianWalk(), g.hasEulerianCycle()
(True, True, False)
# the figure we drew in class again had 4 nodes
g.nnodes()
4
g.eulerianWalkOrCycle()
['AA', 'AB', 'BB', 'BB', 'BB', 'BA', 'AA']
# circularize makes DeBruijnGraph treat string as circular,
# returning to left-hand side at extreme right end
g = DeBruijnGraph(['AAABBBBA'], k=3, circularize=True)
g.isEulerian(), g.hasEulerianWalk(), g.hasEulerianCycle()
(True, False, True)
g.eulerianWalkOrCycle()
['AA', 'AA', 'AB', 'BB', 'BB', 'BB', 'BA', 'AA']
DeBruijnGraph(["a_long_long_long_time"], 5).eulerianWalkOrCycle()
['a_lo', '_lon', 'long', 'ong_', 'ng_l', 'g_lo', '_lon', 'long', 'ong_', 'ng_l', 'g_lo', '_lon', 'long', 'ong_', 'ng_t', 'g_ti', '_tim', 'time']
DeBruijnGraph(['a_long_long_long_time'], 5).eulerianWalkOrCycle().count('long')
3
# see if we can get correct reconstruction at k=4
walk = DeBruijnGraph(['to_every_thing_turn_turn_turn_there_is_a_season'], 4).eulerianWalkOrCycle()
walk[0] + ''.join(map(lambda x: x[-1], walk[1:]))
'to_every_thing_turn_turn_turn_there_is_a_season'
# that worked, but k=3 doesn't! unresolvable repeat at k=3
walk = DeBruijnGraph(['to_every_thing_turn_turn_turn_there_is_a_season'], 3).eulerianWalkOrCycle()
walk[0] + ''.join(map(lambda x: x[-1], walk[1:]))
'to_every_thing_turn_turn_turn_there_is_a_season'
We define a new Python class extending DeBruijnGraph
, but adding a to_dot
member function. to_dot
returns a Digraph object - a graph with directed edges. See the graphviz package user guide for more details on Digraph. Jupyter is kind enough to render Digraphs into pretty pictures.
import graphviz
class DeBruijnGraph2(DeBruijnGraph):
def to_dot(self, weights=False):
""" Return string with graphviz representation. If 'weights'
is true, label edges corresponding to distinct k-1-mers
with weights, instead of drawing separate edges for
k-1-mer copies. """
g = graphviz.Digraph(comment='DeBruijn graph')
for node in iter(self.G.keys()):
g.node(node.km1mer, node.km1mer)
for src, dsts in iter(self.G.items()):
if weights:
weightmap = {}
if weights:
for dst in dsts:
weightmap[dst] = weightmap.get(dst, 0) + 1
for dst, v in weightmap.items():
g.edge(src.km1mer, dst.km1mer, label=str(v))
else:
for dst in dsts:
g.edge(src.km1mer, dst.km1mer)
return g
# sing along
DeBruijnGraph2(['to_every_thing_turn_turn_turn_there_is_a_season_turn_turn_turn'], 4).to_dot()
# now simplified with edge weights
DeBruijnGraph2(['to_every_thing_turn_turn_turn_there_is_a_season_turn_turn_turn'], 4).to_dot(True)