Original exercise by Claus Führer, modified by Olivier Verdier
%pylab
%matplotlib inline
Consider the matrix $$ A=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & I \\ K & D \end{bmatrix} $$ where $0$ and $I$ are the $2 \times 2$ zero and identity matrices and $K$ and $D$ are $2 \times 2$ matrices of the following form: $$ K=\begin{bmatrix} -k & 0.5 \\ 0.5 & -k \end{bmatrix} \qquad D=\begin{bmatrix} -d & 1.0 \\ 1.0 & -d \end{bmatrix} $$ with $k$ and $d$ being real parameters.
stiffness
which constructs the matrix $K$ above.¶def stiffness(k):
return zeros([2,2]) # implement this!
assert(allclose(stiffness(1.), array([[-1.,.5],[.5,-1.]])))
damping
which constructs the matrix $D$ above.¶def damping(d):
return zeros([2,2]) # implement this!
assert(allclose(damping(1.), array([[-1.,1.],[1.,-1.]])))
system_matrix
which takes $k$ and $d$ as input and which generates the matrix $A$.¶Hint: use the function concatenate
. Check its documentation by running:
concatenate?
Use also identity
(or eye
), zeros
(or zeros_like
).
def system_matrix(d, k):
return zeros([4,4]) # implement this!
A = system_matrix(10.,20.)
assert(allclose(A[:2,:2], zeros([2,2])))
assert(allclose(A[:2,2:4], identity(2)))
assert(allclose(A[2:4,:2], stiffness(20.)))
assert(allclose(A[2:4,2:4], damping(10.)))
for d in linspace(0,100,200):
pass
In technical applications there occurs often linear systems of the form $$ \dot x(t) = A x(t) + B u(t) $$ where $u$ is an given input signal. $x$ is called the state. From the state some quantities $y(t)$ can be measured, this is decribed by the equation $$ y(t)=C x(t). $$ We assume here that the input signal is an harmonic oscillation $u(t)=\sin(\omega t)$ with a given frequency $\omega$ and amplitude one. Then, $y(t)$ is again a harmonic oscillation with the same frequency, but another amplitude. The amplitude depends on the frequency.
The relationship between the in- and out-amplitude is given by the formula $$ \mathrm{amplitude}(\omega)=\\|(G(i\omega))\\|\quad\text{where} \quad G(i\omega)=C \cdot (i\omega I -A)^{-1} \cdot B $$ and $i$ is the imaginary unit.
inv?
norm?
def amplitude(A, B, C, omega):
pass
Plot the amplitude versus omega, for $\omega \in [0, 160]$, with $A$ being the system matrix above with $d=20$ and $k=500$, and $$ C=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \qquad B=\begin{bmatrix}0 \\ 0 \\ 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} . $$
Find out the relationship between $A$'s eigenvalues and the peak(s) in the figure.