#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

# # Welcome back
# 
# How was lab? Was anything confusing? 

# # Review
# 
# We covered:
# - Jupyter as a powerful calculator
# - Operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (two types of division!)
# - Special operations: exponentiation, modulus
# - Errors

# In[2]:


2 + 3 * 4 // 5 - 2 ** (3 % 10)


# In[3]:


1 +


# In[4]:


2 * * 5


# In[ ]:


# Text cells vs code cells - getting out of the text cell
# (-4) ** 0.5


# In[5]:


(-4) ** 0.5


# In[6]:


0.00000000000000000001


# In[11]:


(-3) % 5


# In[9]:


-3 // 5


# In[10]:


-3 - (-1) * 5


# In[16]:


342 // 12 + 23 ** 1 + 23 - 762


# In[23]:


32 - 762


# In[22]:


9 + 23


# # Reminder: if you're confused, you can test in Jupyter!

# In[ ]:


# Things that were confusing from earlier today


# # Beyond numbers: strings
# 
# Beyond numbers (like `1`), there are also other kinds of "things" in Python. The first one we'll cover are _strings_.
# 
# Strings are sequences of individual _characters_. Roughly, a character is a single piece of text. Don't worry too much about the definition of characters for now.
# 
# In Python, you can define a string by enclosing a piece of text in `"`. We'll see some examples

# In[24]:


"Hello AddisCoder!"


# In[25]:


"hello addiscoder"


# In[27]:


"678"


# In[30]:


"True"


# # Beyond numbers: booleans
# 
# Aside from numbers and strings, there is another "thing" in Python called a _boolean_. A boolean is a True or False.
# 
# The syntax for defining a boolean is to use either `True` or `False`.

# In[28]:


True


# In[29]:


False


# In[31]:


true


# # Putting it together: types
# 
# Each of the "things" we've covered has a _type_. Every "thing" in Python has a type.
# 
# You can determine the type of something by doing the following:

# In[32]:


type(1)


# In[33]:


type(1.0)


# In[34]:


type("hello")


# In[35]:


type(True)


# # Converting between types
# 
# You can convert between types using `int`, `float`, `str`, and `bool`

# In[36]:


type(1.2)


# In[37]:


int(1.2)


# In[38]:


int(1.9)


# In[39]:


int(-1.9)


# In[40]:


type("1")


# In[41]:


int("1")


# In[42]:


int("1a")


# In[43]:


int("1.2")


# In[44]:


float(1)


# In[45]:


float("1.2")


# In[46]:


str(1)


# In[47]:


bool(1)


# In[48]:


bool(2)


# In[49]:


bool(0)


# In[51]:


bool(1.0)


# In[52]:


bool("true")


# In[53]:


bool("false")


# In[54]:


bool("")


# In[55]:


bool(" ")


# In[56]:


bool("0")


# # Operations that (can) convert between types
# 
# Beyond the arithemtic operations we've seen, there are also other kinds of operations. We'll start with equals and not equals. These operations can _change the types_ of the things they operate on

# In[57]:


1 == 1


# In[58]:


1 == 2 


# In[59]:


True == True


# In[60]:


True == False


# In[61]:


"hello" == "hello"


# In[62]:


"hello" == "Hello"


# In[63]:


"hello" == "hello "


# In[64]:


1 != 1


# In[65]:


1 != 2


# In[66]:


True != True


# In[67]:


True != False


# In[68]:


1 = 1


# In[69]:


1 == True


# In[70]:


2 == True


# In[71]:


bool(2)


# In[72]:


0 == False


# In[73]:


"" == False


# In[75]:


int(True)


# # Heirachy of equality checking
# - String
# - Float
# - Int
# - Bool

# In[108]:


"" == False
# Strings are not compatible with bools
# Automatically evaluates to false


# In[109]:


1 == True


# In[84]:


True == "a"


# In[85]:


True == "True"


# Explore other kinds of equals and not equals in lab!
# 
# # Inequalities 
# 
# You can also compare numbers

# In[78]:


1 > 1


# In[79]:


1 >= 1


# In[80]:


2 > 1


# In[81]:


2 >= 1


# In[82]:


2 < 1


# In[83]:


2 <= 1


# You can also compare things like strings and booleans. Explore what happens in lab!
# 
# # Arithmetic for non-number types
# 
# Python also allows for arithmetic operations for non-number types. This can be very confusing, so let's walk through it slowly.

# In[86]:


"Hello" + "AddisCoder!"


# In[87]:


"Hello" + " AddisCoder!"


# In[88]:


"Hello" + 1


# In[91]:


"hello " * 5


# In[92]:


"hello " * 0


# In[90]:


"hello" // 3


# In[93]:


1 + True


# In[94]:


1 + False


# In[95]:


1 * True


# In[96]:


1 * False


# In[97]:


"hello " ** 2


# # Advanced topic: variables
# 
# We will briefly cover an advanced topic called _variables_. Don't worry if this is confusing - you do not need understand them today. We will cover it in more detail tomorrow.
# 
# You've seen variables in math, like in $f(x) = x^2$, $x$ is a variable.
# 
# A PROGRAMMING VARIABLE IS NOT A MATH VARIABLE!
# 
# A PROGRAMMING VARIABLE IS NOT A MATH VARIABLE!

# # So what is a variable
# 
# A programming variable "holds" some value. This value can be any of the types we've seen so far (they can also be other things, but we'll see this later).
# 
# The value of a programming variable can change! This is NOT TRUE for math variables!

# In[110]:


x = 1


# In[99]:


x = 1
x


# In[100]:


x = 1
x = 2
x


# In[101]:


x = 1
x = x + 1
x


# In[102]:


x = "hello"
x


# In[103]:


x = True
x


# In[104]:


x = 1
y = 2
x + y


# In[105]:


x = 1
y = 2
z = x + y
z


# In[106]:


x = 1
y = x
y


# In[ ]: