print [x * x for x in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]

print [shumai * shumai for shumai in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]

print [x for x in range(10)]

print [42 for x in range(10)]

print [x*x for x in range(10) if x >= 5]

import random
print random.randrange(100)

print [random.randrange(6)+1 for i in range(100)]

flavors = ["vanilla", "chocolate", "red velvet", "durian", "cinnamon", "~mystery~"]
print random.choice(flavors)

print random.sample(flavors, 2)

print flavors
random.shuffle(flavors)
print flavors

t = ("alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta")
print t

t[-2]

t[1:3]

t.append("epsilon")

t[2] = "bravo"

moon_counts = {'mercury': 0, 'venus': 0, 'earth': 1, 'mars': 2}
moon_counts.items()

tuple([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

list((1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

s = set(["alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta", "epsilon"])
print type(s)
print s

s = {"alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta", "epsilon"}
print type(s)
print s

for item in s:
    print item

[item[0] for item in s]

s.add("omega")
print s

"beta" in s

"emoji" in s

source_list = ["it", "is", "what", "it", "is"]
without_duplicates = set(source_list)
print without_duplicates

import time, random

values = range(9999)
values_set = set(values)

start_list = time.clock()
for i in range(1000):
    random.randrange(99999) in values
end_list = time.clock()

start_set = time.clock()
for i in range(1000):
    random.randrange(99999) in values_set
end_set = time.clock()

print "1000 random checks on list: ", end_list - start_list, "seconds"
print "1000 random checks on set: ", end_set - start_set, "seconds"

import sys
print "size of list: ", sys.getsizeof(values)
print "size of set: ", sys.getsizeof(values_set)

t = dict() # same as t = {}
print type(t)

items = [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)]
t = dict(items)
print t

us_presidents = ["carter", "reagan", "bush", "clinton", "bush", "obama"]
prez_lengths = {}
for item in us_presidents:
    prez_lengths[item] = len(item)
print prez_lengths

prez_length_tuples = [(item, len(item)) for item in us_presidents]
print "our list of tuples: ", prez_length_tuples
prez_lengths = dict(prez_length_tuples)
print "resulting dictionary: ", prez_lengths

prez_lengths = dict([(item, len(item)) for item in us_presidents])
print prez_lengths

prez_lengths = {item: len(item) for item in us_presidents}
print prez_lengths

state_names = ["alabama", "alaska", "arizona", "arkansas", "california"]
state_pop = [4849377, 736732, 6731484, 2966369, 38802500]
combo = zip(state_names, state_pop)
print combo

state_pop_lookup = dict(zip(state_names, state_pop))
print state_pop_lookup

elements = ["hydrogen", "helium", "lithium", "beryllium", "boron"]
index = 0
for item in elements:
    print index, item
    index += 1

# the range() function returns a list from 0 up to the specified value
enumerated_elements = zip(range(len(elements)), elements)
print "enumerated list: ", enumerated_elements

# now, iterate over each tuple in the enumerated list...
for index_item_tuple in enumerated_elements:
    print index_item_tuple[0], index_item_tuple[1]

for index, item in enumerated_elements:
    print index, item

# this code:
print "with zip/range/len:"
for index, item in zip(range(len(elements)), elements):
    print index, item

print "\nwith enumerate:"
# ... can also be written like this:
for index, item in enumerate(elements):
    print index, item

def first(t):
    return t[0]

first("all of these wonderful characters")

print first

grab_index_zero = first
grab_index_zero("all of these wonderful characters")

how_many_things_are_in = len
how_many_things_are_in(["hi", "there", "how", "are", "you"])

import random
def say_hello():
    greetz = ["hey", "howdy", "hello", "greetings", "yo", "hi"]
    print random.choice(greetz) + "!"
say_hello()

def thrice(func):
    for i in range(3):
        func()

# let's try it out...
thrice(say_hello)

def first(t):
    return t[0]

elements = ["hydrogen", "helium", "lithium", "beryllium", "boron"]

# a new list containing the first character of each string
map(first, elements)

[first(item) for item in elements]

def greater_than_ten(num):
    return num > 10

numbers = [-10, 17, 4, 94, 2, 0, 10]
filter(greater_than_ten, numbers)

[item for item in numbers if greater_than_ten(item)]

# the regular way
def first(t):
    return t[0]

# the "shorthand" way
first = lambda t: t[0]

# test it out!
first("cheese")

# squish combines the first item of its first parameter with the last item of its second parameter
squish = lambda one, two: one[0] + two[-1]
squish("hi", "there")

# you could also write "squish" the longhand way, like this:
#def squish(one, two):
#    return one[0] + two[-1]

elements = ["hydrogen", "helium", "lithium", "beryllium", "boron"]
map(lambda x: x[0], elements)

numbers = [-10, 17, 4, 94, 2, 0, 10]
filter(lambda x: x > 10, numbers)

elements = ["hydrogen", "helium", "lithium", "beryllium", "boron"]
elements.sort()
print elements

elements = ["hydrogen", "helium", "lithium", "beryllium", "boron"]
print sorted(elements)

# with .sort()
numbers = [52, 54, 108, 13, 7, 2]
numbers.sort(reverse=True)
print numbers

# with sorted()
numbers = [52, 54, 108, 13, 7, 2]
sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

states = [
    ('Alabama', 4849377),
    ('Alaska', 736732),
    ('Arizona', 6731484),
    ('Arkansas', 2966369),
    ('California', 38802500)
]
# doesn't sort based on population!
sorted(states)

def get_second(t):
    return t[1]

sorted(states, key=get_second)

sorted(states, key=lambda t: t[1])

word_counts = {'it': 123, 'was': 48, 'the': 423, 'best': 7, 'worst': 13, 'of': 350, 'times': 2}

sorted(word_counts)

word_counts.items()

sorted(word_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])

sorted(word_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)

import urllib
import json

query_url = "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/forecast/daily?id=5128581&cnt=5&units=imperial"
resp = urllib.urlopen(query_url).read()
data = json.loads(resp)
data

days = data['list']
# each item in "days" is a dictionary with weather information for that day
days[0]

import datetime

def timestamp_to_date(dt):
    return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(dt).date().isoformat()

cleaned = list()
for item in days:
    new_item = {
        'date': timestamp_to_date(item['dt']),
        'max_temp': item['temp']['max'],
        'min_temp': item['temp']['min'],
        'humidity': item['humidity'],
        'description': item['weather'][0]['description']
    }
    cleaned.append(new_item)
cleaned

sorted(cleaned, key=lambda x: x['max_temp'])

by_temp = sorted(cleaned, key=lambda x: x['max_temp'])
by_temp[0]['date']

sorted(cleaned, key=lambda x: x['max_temp'])[0]['date']

filter(lambda x: "rain" not in x['description'], cleaned)

[day for day in cleaned if "rain" not in day['description']]

set([day['description'] for day in cleaned])

dict([(day['date'], day['humidity']) for day in cleaned])

date_humidity = {day['date']: day['humidity'] for day in cleaned}
date_humidity

date_humidity['2015-07-17']