# # Python Conditionals and Libraries
# ## A Tutorial by Jacob Gerace
# ## Conditionals in Python
# In[24]:
#Sometimes you want to execute code only in certain circumstances.
#Change answer and see what code is executed:
answer = 42
if answer == 42:
print('This is the answer to the ultimate question')
elif answer < 42:
print('This is less than the answer to the ultimate question')
else:
print('This is more than the answer to the ultimate question')
print('This print statement is run no matter what because it is not indented!')
#An if statement is an example of a structure that creates a new block. The block includes all of the code that is
#indented. The indentation (tab character) is imperative. Don't forget it!
#This is normally just good coding style in other languages, but in python it isn't optional
#We can check multiple things at once using boolean operations
snowy = True
day = "Monday"
#How long does it take me to get to class in the morning?
if (snowy == False) and (day != "Monday"):
#and is boolean and. True only if both are true. False otherwise
time = 7
elif (snowy == True) and (day == "Monday"):
time = 11
elif (rainy == True) or (day == "Monday"):
time = 9
print("It takes me %d minutes" %(time))
#You can structure these statements more neatly if you "nest" if statements (put an if statement inside an if statement)
#But this is just for edification.
# ## Functions in Python
# In[15]:
#We can separate off code into functions, that can take input and can give output. They serve as black boxes from the
#perspective of the rest of our code
#use the def keyword, and indent because this creates a new block
def print_me( string ):
print(string)
#End with the "return" keyword
return
#Your functions can return data if you so choose
def step(x):
if (x < 0):
return -1
elif (x > 0):
return 1
#call functions by repeating their name, and putting your variable in the parenthesis.
#Your variable need not be named the same thing, but it should be the right type!
print(step(-1))
print(step(1))
#what happens for x = 0?
print(step(0))
#Python automatically adds in a "return none" statement if you are missing one.
#If you see "none" make sure your program can work with that!
#Fix the return none issue
def step_v2(x):
if (x < 0):
return -1
elif (x >= 0):
return 1
print(step_v2(0))
# ## Numpy - "The Fundamental Package for Scientific Computing with Python"
# In[16]:
import numpy as np
#Here, we grab all of the functions and tools from the numpy package and store them in a local variable called np.
#You can call that variable whatever you like, but 'np' is standard.
#numpy has arrays, which function similarly to python lists.
a = np.array([1,2,3])
b = np.array([9,8,7])
#Be careful with syntax. The parentheses and brackets are both required!
print(a)
#Access elements from them just like you would a regular list
print(a[0])
#Element-wise operations are a breeze!
c = a + b
d = a - b
e = a * b
f = a / b
print(c)
print(d)
print(e)
print(f)
#This is different from MATLAB where you add a dot to get element wise operators.
#What about multi-dimensional arrays? Matrices!
#You just nest lists within lists!
A = np.array( [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]] )
B = np.array( [[1,1,1], [2,2,2], [3,3,3]] )
#Then matrix multlication
C = np.matmul(A,B)
print(C)
#Or determinants:
print(np.linalg.det(A))
#Now, let's use numpy for something essential for you: Numeric Integration
#Define the function you want to integrate....
#dy/dt = t:
def deriv(y,t):
return t
#Note this doesn't use y in the return. That is okay, but we need to include it just to satisfy the function we will use.
#Set your initial or boundary condition
IC = 0
#Give the number of points to evaluate the integration
start_time = 0
end_time = 10
num_times = 101
times = np.linspace(start_time, end_time, num_times)
from scipy.integrate import odeint
integrated_func = odeint(deriv,IC,times)
#Can we plot the result? You betcha. Just import a new package
get_ipython().run_line_magic('matplotlib', 'inline')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from ipywidgets import interact
plt.plot(times, integrated_func)
plt.title("y = (1/2)t^2")
#Very similar to MATLAB!
# ## Additional Resources
# * If you still feel VERY lost: [Code Academy](https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python)
#
# * If you want a good reference site: [Official Python Reference](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/)
#
# * If you want to learn python robustly: [Learn Python the Hard Way](https://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
#
# * Feel free to contact me at: **jgerace (at) nd (dot) edu**
#
# In[ ]:
#
# < [Python Basics](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/jckantor/CBE30338/blob/master/notebooks/01.02-Python-Basics.ipynb) | [Contents](toc.ipynb) | [Python Numeric Integration Revisited](http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/jckantor/CBE30338/blob/master/notebooks/01.04-Python-Numeric-Integration-Revisited.ipynb) >